Essay on Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Essay on world-wide Warming EssayGlobal warming is the term used to describe a gradual profit in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently ever-changing the Earths climate. Even though it is an ongoing debate, it is proved by the scientists that the planet is warming. The 29th one C is experiencing a continued increase of Earths mean atmospheric temperature by about 1.4 degrees F and about two thirds of it occurring since 1980. This is global warming is affecting the natures balance and has a capacious impact on life like continued heat waves, and sudden occurrence of storms and floods. Dont we see time to time the epidemics that be devastating to human life and the flooding of the farmlands that puts economy in a deep hole?Scientific evidence indicates that since 1950, the worlds climate has been warming, primarily as a result of emissions from non -stop sunburn of fossil terminates and the razing of trop ical forests. Since the industrial revolution till this day, thither is a constant emission of the vitamin C into the atmosphere, everything we do we leave carbon footprints. It is a man make cause of the global warming. The global emissions jumped 3 percent in 2011 and ar expected to jump another(prenominal) 2.6 percent in 2012, researchers reported. The greenhouse prepare is a process by which the greenhouse gases absorb thermal radiation these are then reradiated in all directions. But when some of these radiations come back to the scrape and lower atmosphere, it causes increase in the average surface temperature leading to global warming. Global warming CausesThe causes are many of which the main culprit is the increase in the greenhouse gases that is produced by burning fossil fuel and deforestation, thus intensifying the greenhouse effect leading to global warming. The four main contributors of the greenhouse effect are, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. Min ing for coal and oil releases methane in the atmosphere. More ever the leakage from pictorial gas fields and landfills are additional source of methane. Excessive cutting down of the trees is another factor out causing global warming. When deforestation go throughs the efficiency by which carbon dioxide is stored and oxygen released by the green plants are decreased to a huge rate in turn causing increased concentration of carbon dioxide that leads to increased greenhouse effect.The nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes are other factors that cannot be forgotten as the cause of Global Warming. Another source of methane is methane clathrate, a compound containing large amounts of methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As methane escapes from the Arctic seabed, the rate of global warming will increase significantly. frosting caps and glaciers reflect sunlight, bouncing high temperature sun -rays back into space away from th e Earth. When these icecaps are removed the undercoat gets warmer as the dark oceans absorb much thermal radiation from the sun. Some regions may be wet with rain and some areas will suffer drought due to global warming.The climatic changes happen due to global warming. Seasonal changes are unpredictable unexpected thunderstorms might result as mentioned earlier. The burning of wood (should be reduced to a greater extent) releases oxidizable carbon to the atmosphere whose charge in greater amount causes the elevation of temperature. There is strong evidence that emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were the major cause of the recent aberrant warming. Like carbon CFC do not trap heat but in the presence of UV rays the chlorine gets detached from CFC, drifts up into the stratosphere and these unattached chlorines catalytically convert Ozone molecules into Oxygen molecules depleting the ozone layer.

A Great American Composer Essay Example for Free

A Great American Composer EssayBorn in New York, John Williams moved to the city of angels with his family in the year 1948, where he attended the UCLA and the Los Angeles City College. He also privately studied composition with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco in Los Angeles. After operative with the Air Force for a brief period of time, Williams came back to New York to attend the Juilliard University. There he took Madame Rosina Lhevinne as a teacher to learn the piano. Also in New York, Williams began to work as a jazz pianist on recordings and in clubs. He returned to Los Angeles afterwards to begin his career in the characterization industry.After working with ren induceed composers such as Alfred New existence, Bernard Herrmann, and Franz Waxman Williams started to write medicine for television programs during the 1960s. He win four Emmy Awards for this work (About John Williams). The highlights of Williams career in the entertainment industry may be briefly summarized as fol lows Mr. Williams has comprise the practice of medicine and served as a music director for more than wiz hundred exacts, including, War of the Worlds, confidential information Wars Episode III Revenge of the Sith, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, The Terminal, set out Me If You Can, Harry.Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Minority Report, Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones, Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone, A. I. imitation Intelligence, The Patriot, Angelas Ashes, Star Wars Episode 1 The Phantom Menace, Stepmom, Saving Private Ryan, Amistad, Seven Years in Tibet, The confounded World, Rosewood, Sleepers, Nixon, Sabrina, Schindlers List, Jurassic Park, Home Alone, Home Alone 2, Far and Away, JFK, Hook, Presumed Innocent, Born on the Fourth of July, the Indiana Jones trilogy, The accidental Tourist, Empire of the Sun, The Witches of Eastwick, E. T. (the Extra-Terrestrial), Superman, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Star Wars trilogy, Jaws, and Goodby e, Mr. Chips.He has received forty- five-spot Academy Award nominations, some recently for his marks from Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, making him the Academys most nominated living person. He has been awarded five Oscars, seven British Academy Awards (BAFTA), twenty Grammys, four Golden Globes, four Emmys and numerous gold and atomic number 78 records (About John Williams). Needless to say, almost everybody who is acquainted with American television programs and Hollywood films has enjoyed the music composed by Williams.His music is based on the classical tradition. The influence of late Romantics, e. g. Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler, may soft be detected in his music. At the like time, however, Williams does not desist from blending the classical with the modern traditions. His music for Close Encounters of the Third Kind clearly illustrates that Williams is a composer of the times even though he is influenced by music of the past. On the whole, however, his music is trul y enjoyable because it is filled with good old tunes that are immix with fanfares and fun marches (John Williams Composer Extraordinaire). Moreover, the man is highly regarded for his ability to construct tunes and sounds that flawlessly complement the c at one timeption of his films (John Williams Composer Extraordinaire). Williams micturates have been described as invariably magnificent orchestral works, performed with force and piquantness (John Williams pack Composer). Although the composer is able to issue great music for quieter as well as lazy scenes with equal impoundness, his work is generally considered forceful and triumphal (John Williams Film Composer). Indeed, this is one of the main reasons wherefore Williams music continues to be loved by people across the globe, who are acquainted with the famous Star Wars, if not Harry Potter. According to a BBC report His music always evokes a powerful esthesis of mood, placing the force of the entire orchestra behind a n emotion and running with it. With his emphasis on orchestral energy and power, it is expected that Williams is best known for his action themes (John Williams Film Composer). As Williams adapts well-known classical music for his own scores, listeners believe that his work is, at least in part, plagiaristic.Thus, his Oscar-winning composition for Star Wars is believed to carry echoes of a score from The Planets Suite and his score for the Atlanta Olympic Games is said to borrow heavily from ostentation for the Common Man by Copeland. Williamss music has been understood to be derivative, which is probably the reason why there are connaturalities between the classical music he has been influenced by and his own compositions. On the whole, however, the man is highly regarded for his queerness (John Williams Film Composer).Another characteristic of Williams music that allows him to be remain special(prenominal) among composers is that his work is iconic. He gives unique themes to the villains and heroes of the films and television programs that he composes for. He also gives unique musical themes to the varied plots in addition to macguffins of his films and television shows. In scenes where the different elements of the film, or the villains and heroes interact, however, he intertwines the special musical themes. As an example, Williams used Raiders March for Indiana Jones in the Raiders of the Lost Ark at all times that Jones appeared to be winning.When Jones appeared to be losing, however, Williams re located the Raiders March with the Nazi Theme (John Williams Film Composer). Thus, the composer is special because he does not only produce great music but also possesses the intelligence to place different scores in appropriate scenes of the films or television programs he works for. One of the most unforgettable compositions of Williams is the theme from the film, Jaws. The score uses a bass, two-note bassline, which has managed to almost turn into a u niversal code for impending shark attack (John Williams Film Composer). As a matter of fact, many documentaries on the subject of sharks have used music similar to the theme created by Williams. According to the BBC report, the power of the theme is its simplicity. The bassline is played very slowly and it is played at pretty long intervals, after which the remaining orchestra chimes in with the bassline staying dominant and joined by a deep brass harmony (John Williams Film Composer). After this, the bass almost disappears while the lighter set up continue to play a panicky, almost desperate theme before the bass finally returns with unspoiled force in a mood of vengeance.At this point, the brass and the string play an urgent discontinue (John Williams Film Composer). Silence follows soon after (John Williams Film Composer). Another truly memorable piece created by Williams is his score for Memoirs of a Geisha. Waldron describes this composition as a marvelously textured score that defines and propels the story. For this score, Williams made use of the traditional musical instruments of Japan. The cellist Yo-yo Ma and the violinist Itzhak Perlman gave life to the theme.Indeed, Williams theme for this film is expected to surprise many of his fans, as this theme had been created for the Japanese film setting rather than the wonted(prenominal) Hollywood setting that the composer has been acquainted with for a long time (Waldron). What is more, this theme is truly unusual as it does not remind the listener to music of the past that the composer is known to derive his compositions from much of the time. Williams music for A. I. is an supererogatory surprise for his fans. Mecha World, which is the opening track of the film, reminds the listener that, indeed, he or she is listening to Williams music.This expansive piece introduces a mechanical character that one could easily associate with machinery or robotics. The piece is set against a kind musical theme that allows the viewer of the film to infer that the mechanical character must be placed in an imposing urban or industrial landscape (Lace). Williams makes savvy use of metrically fractured syncopated writing in addition to percussion instruments in A. I. (Tommasini). These features of his music allow the viewer of the film to easily enter the world of androids along with the androids themselves.Tommasini describes how the composer after having been mocked by critics for the sameness of his compositions reveals his uniqueness in the theme for A. I. The music during the films Hide and Seek sequence, when the robot boy David plays games with his adoptive mother, who at this early stage of the story is belt up smitten with him, is especially ingenious. Built from gentle melodic riffs, including childrens piano-practice tunes, quizzical harmonies and asymmetrical phrases, the music is at once beguiling and unsettling. Indeed, Williams seems to have come a long way. His music for Catch me if you can is especially jazzy. set as elusive chamber music, the score proves to the listeners that the composer is skillful at the less-is-more approach (Tommasini). Furthermore, although his fans can still agnise his distinctive brand of compositions, Williams continues to change his approach to try out new techniques to film scoring. He has not managed to bore his listeners, despite the fact that he has created music for a large number of popular films. virtually importantly, perhaps, it is essential for him to remind the listeners with his expansive themes that it is his music that they are listening to. Experimenting with new approaches while keeping his unique style that his fans have adored for many years suits Williams best. In point of fact, this is the very reason why Williams is known as one of the greatest composers in American history. After all, America is all round newness that is blended with old traditions. The old traditions cannot be given up becaus e they keep the people grounded.At the same time, however, newness is considered a necessity as Americans strive to achieve the American Dream a dream of victory that cannot be realized without modernity. Fortunately for Williams, he has realized the dream with a thorough comprehension of its nuances. work Cited About John Williams. John Williams Official Site (2007). 3 decline 2007. http//www. johnwilliamscomposer. com/. John Williams Composer Extraordinaire. My Files (2007). 3 Dec 2007. http//www. mfiles. co. uk/composers/John-Williams. htm. John Williams Film Composer. BBC (22 May 2001). 3 Dec 2007.http//www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A563942. Lace, Ian. A. I. Artificial Intelligence. April 2002 Film Music CD Reviews (Apr 2002). 3 Dec 2007. http//www. musicweb-international. com/film/2002/Apr02/AI. html.Tommasini, Anthony. John Williams Surprising Score for Sith. International Herald Tribune (25 May 2005). 3 Dec 2007. http//www. iht. com/articles/2005/05/24/features/starwars. phpend_main. Waldron, DLynn. John Williams Composer of Music for the Movies Biography, Photos, Filmography and Discography (2006). 3 Dec 2007. http//www. dlwaldron. com/JohnWilliamsbio. html.

Personal Reflection Essay Example for Free

Personal Reflection EssayPersonal Reflection I will begin observing the environment through nurture and nature in developing our egotism pattern. ego concepts ar the realization of experiences ga at that placed from history and the future in how people were, and who he or she aspires to be. Studies demonstrate that people look to alliance for suspicions, trust, and an accepting of what to expect from situations in society. For example, the focal point we intermingle and what society believes he or she is supposed to adhere to. In the social world it is our mind-set about the world, and the disjoint we play effects our dealings. The social influences of an individual are viewed acceptable in guiding the self-importance-importances behavior. The concept of self is broken into three components self efficacy, concept, and our self-esteem. After reviewing these concepts it proceeds clearer in appreciating who I am, and my place in society. I understructure share my throw ex periences that have contributed to my social development. It gives me more bonkledge and confidence of myself. Self The way we recognize ourselves defines who we are.Self concept relates to how we categorize our features and roles we see when viewing our self. A go bad definition of oneself is how we interrelate the interactions influence and lead our behavior. The self concept correlates to three theories self perception, self debut, and dissonance opening (Myers, 2011). Self perception is how one determines their actions of separate situations environmentally, individuala, and approach. Our self perception allows us to witness an individuals poor attitude the individual screwing see how his or her behavior and situation relates to the manner.He or she can inspect his or herself from the outside world, deciding on values of how the individual retorts to circumstances. Self presentation presents consistency. One does not want to be or prove foolishness and inconsistent. The s crutiny of inconsistencies is a someone showing artificiality and behaving as a hypocrite. However, the actions assist in giving good wisdom, which reveals the reality of us. In cognitive dissonance this shows how an individual is motivated to retain consistencies with his or her selfs cognition.The theory illustrates an individual who can sense anxiety and a need of synchronization when two ideas are incompatible (Myers, 2011). When an individual tries to sustain their actions by defending it, he or she will not be amenable to correcting his or her self demonstrating that the self is becoming consistent with actions without remembering past values. The theory is similar to the notion of self persuasion, although self perception illustrates why individuals compare his or herself to other individuals (Myers, 2011). Self Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self EfficacyI am viewed in three different aspects of manner. The three perspectives explain my behavior on how I see my persona, bodil y self, self beliefs, and objectives, and exchanges within society. One of the first concepts is self concept. This is how the self sees his or herself in the social world. In present studies of the exact self and opposites of hopelessness are the relationships of self concept. When we are true to ourselves it provides the meaning of life. The way we see ourselves establishes our experiences of social life.I observe myself as a mother, an individual, and a friend. I hold a set of standards by setting goals, and following through with good examples that my children will follow. I rely on my friends and family for advice on adequate behavior as well as dealing with events in my life. I have from others experiences but also link them to my own version of how situations should be dealt with. We are products of our own environment, and as I become older I expect that I will always love, know, and appreciate myself. The second concept is self-esteem that pertains to our confidence.This c oncept is more than thinking of ones self, but a normalcy of our own aptitude. conceit is something we all have however, some can become the victims to grovel (Buhrmester, Blanton, amp Swann, 2011). As I think of my self-esteem and fallions of holding my head up, not listening to others hypocritical words, and I am able of meeting requirements shows that I am far from perfect. However, I am comfortable with the person I am. Self-esteem is one whos able to know and recognize who he or she is when the world is cruel and mean.The sustain concept is self efficacy. Self efficacy is being able to complete task that someone else can do, but he or she can do it better and more quickly. In addition there is acknowledgment of appraisal for a job well done. Self efficacy is also how a person thinks, believes, proceeds and is goaded to complete the task. It is important to the individual how well we execute in comparison to others if we are competent and can accomplish objectives. Self effi cacy is also the ability to take on untried task and be successful at that.For example, my ability in obtaining a degree from UOPX to get to my ultimate goal and it contributes to myself concept and self-esteem (Myers, 2011). Social Experiences or Events of Personal Development As I reflect back on my life there were many incidents and many people who influenced me. I have been on my own as of the senesce of 18 and began my life as a mother at the age of 21. Once I had my first daughter I realized I could define myself and my part in society. I was no longer an individual, just a friend, or daughter. Becoming a mother was to me this life fulfilling prophecy and fueled me to want more out of life.In this stage of my life as a single woman raising a child motivated me to become a better person. My other three girls have led me to the second stage of personal development. I was married, but have uninvolved from my husband. I walk away from that marriage with a total of four daughter s, and it has habituated me the ambition to get through college with a degree in Psychology. This finally will put me in a place where I can do what I enjoy and be successful at the same time. I know who I am and where I want to be. This is the role I was meant to play I am ensure and gifted in meeting new people and going new places.I have conquered the agent of motherhood, which others look to me for guidance. Each day I put my best foot forward to be better than the day before. Conclusion The environment has a profound impact on what we do and who we are, but the self is how we see ourselves socially and personally. The individual is a combination of his or her self concept, self-esteem, and self efficacy. We rely exclusively on these aspects of our lives to develop into the individual we will become or aspire to be, knowing who we are back up us in the world.It helps to make our lives easier and maneuver through every day task with ease. My past has given me an inner stren gth to strive and to change as the world changes. I have matured and become the person I am because I am unique possessing qualities that make it possible for self actualization.

Sender and Receiver Communication

vector and Receiver converseCommunication is a procedure which includes sender and receiver to engage a mental object. impressive dialogues skills be the skills we assume every worker picks up along the way. The type of dialogue that we usage at home, friends and other normal places which is known as slang can never be apply at workplace. Sometimes people may spend a penny dismissed beca accustom of using such(prenominal) sort of lyric poem. To get success at work we need know what sort of conversations skill we should at work.Communication is a process in which message is send by a sender to a receiver. The message could be simple education and it can be communicative or non- verbal. This includes determining the centre that the sender intends to express the other person. The person (listener) receives the message through both verbal chatting and non verbal gestures. The receiver interprets the meaning of the message. To follow on to the message receiver uses educat ion, attitudes, experience and emotions. strong intercourse is conference which exists between two persons and the receiver interprets the same way as the sender intended it.Communication is essential for achieving theatre directorial and organisational effectiveness. Without dialogue, employees will not be able to aware of what their co-workers are doing, will not consent either idea about what their goal are, and will not be able to assess their performance. In absence seizure of bloodlines of communication, supervisors will not be able to give instruction to their subordinates and management will not receive the info it requires to develop plans and take finis.Good communication always helps employees become more drive in their work and helps them to develop a better understanding of their jobs. Clear, precise and timely communication of information also prevents the occurrence of presidential termal problems. Effective communication is essential for achieving organi zational goals, but ensuring such communication has been a major problem for most organization.Although the word communication is often used, there has been no consensus among communication experts regarding the definition of communication. In general, communication may be defined as the process by which the information is exchanged between individuals.There are many comp mavennts to communication. Consider verbal communication skills, listening skills, indite memorandums/email, teleph unity skills and non-verbal communication. Also, reflect upon all the people we transport to subordinates, peers, supervisors, customers, and groups of people. In addition, ponder nearly of the reasons, why we communicate to get and give information, to discipline subordinates, to make assignments, and so on.We already know that communication is a mammoth part of our daily existence. Even when we dont want to communicate, the very actions we take not to communicate such as being quiet in meetings, avoiding people, declining to respond to emails or give feedback, communicate something about us.In a survey of 480 companies and organizations conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers and published in the Wall path Journal, effective communication ability ranked first among the desirable personal qualities of future employees.Reference December 29, 1998. Wall Street Journal, Work Week, p. A1.In a national survey of 1000 human resource managers, oral communication skills are identified as valuable for both obtaining employment and successful job performance.Reference Winsor, et al., 1997 In yet another survey, executives in Fortune 500 companies indicate that college students need better communication skills, as well as the ability to work in teams and with people from diverse backgrounds (Association Trends, 1997).The point of these examples is that honing your communication skills should be a priority for you as you seek to advance in the workplace.Althoug h many articles and books have dealt with interpersonal and organizational communication, most of them are not based on systematic research findings. However, the Real Managers Study (conducted by Fed Luthan, Richard M. Hodgetts and Stuart A.Rosenkrantz) is based on original research in communication. The researches observe managers at work in various organizational setting and also studies the self reports submitted by them to understand the process of communication in organization. They developed the managerial communication model to explain the different style of communication used by the managers and to provide a framework for understanding how managers communicate in organization.In formal organizations, the design of communication channels is based on the assumption that all the divisions and departments are self contained and do not ease communication among employees at the same level. This poses the serious problem when circumstances demand such communication. If an individ ual wants to convey some message to an individual from another department, the message has to be passed up to the highest managerial level and whence down to the individual. The reply from that individual is also received in a similar way, take awaying to massive delays.Chester Barnard felt that communication played an burning(prenominal) role in shaping organizations. According to him, Communication forms one of the three primary elements of an organization, the common goals and willingness to serve customers beings the other two elements. Communication links the number of the members of an organization with organizations goal and facilitates and enhances cooperative action among the individual and department of the organization. Communication whether written or oral, helps an organization notice its goals, but it can also give rise to problems. For instance, if a particular message is misinterpreted, an inappropriate decision may be taken. This decision may be taken. This dec ision may result in losses to the organization in long-run.Barnard related communication to the concept of authority. According to him, for authority to be delegated from a manager to sub ordinate, all communication originating from the manager must be clearly understood by the subordinate. He believed that a manager should try to understand the meaning of the message before communicating it to his subordinates. Barnards indentifies seven communication factors that helps establish and maintain objectives authority in an organization.The member of an organization should be aware of all the purchasable channels of communication.Every member of organization must have access to specific formal channel of communication.Communication with an organization must follow the shortest and most direct path.All communication should involve the use of entire, formal line of communication.Competent persons should serve an s communication centers.There should be no gaolbreak in the time of commun ication during the functioning of an organization, andAll communication should be authenticated.Managers share the responsibility in communicating effectively with the individual employees themselves. The manager is 100% responsible for communicating effectively with their employees.This includes establishing an open and bank climate for communication, as well as demonstrating good communication techniques to their employees. The employee is 100% responsible for taking payoff of the climate for communication to express what is important and relevant. For example, it is expected that a manager will ask are there any questions? after giving an employee an assignment, but it is also expected that an employee will say, I have a question, if one should occur to the employee, without waiting for the manager to ask.The following communication is useful for organizational communication.Non verbal communicationDownwards communicationUpward communicationLateral communicationInteractive comm unicationBarriers to Effective CommunicationA number of obstacles may occur on the way of the receiver to understand the message. These interruptions could lead to barriers to communications. The reason could be anything listener doesnt under the language or sometimes it may convey the vituperate meaning. Some of the barriers are discussed below.Language An organization has different kind of people from different cultures. In such cases language is one of the important factors for communication towards different cultural people. So inability to understand the language from either even one side of communication could lead to barrier. Even when sender uses unsuitable voice communication while describing, it may increase misunderstanding between sender and listener.Physical barriers Physical barriers are one of the major barriers of effective communication in the workplace. This could be background noises and disturbances in the environment. For example roadwork, loud music, some fam ily functions going on around etc.Emotional barriers Emotion could be one of the barriers to effective communication. workforce are a social animal we all know about that statement and emotions play an important role in social life. It could be any personal or professional. It includes frustration, anger and fear. In such cases it may lead to trouble listening to others.Attitudinal barriers Attitude problem is big problem that we face all over now. The personal attitudes of the employees which may be dissatisfaction in workplace such as wages or the post and comparing themselves to others could be the reason of attitudinal barriers.BibliographyAamodt, Michael G. And Bobbiel L. Raynes. Human Relations in business developing Interpersonal and leadership skills. USA Wadsworth, a division of Thomas Learning Inc, 2001.Bartol, Kathryn M. And David C Martin. Management. 3rd Edition. USA Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Traffic light controller using microprocessor

Traffic brightness considerler using microprocessorTraffic Light Controller Using 8085 MicroprocessorAimThe main aim of this formulate is to design a Traffic light ascendanceler using 8085 microprocessor, interfacing with peripheral device 8085, and program implementing the process. footThe 8085 Microprocessor is a popular Microprocessor used in Industries for various applications. Such as traffic light hear, temperature control, stepping motor motor control, etc. In this project, the traffic lights ar interfaced to Microprocessor organisation through buffer and looks of programmable peripheral port 8255. So the traffic lights go off be automatically switched ON/OFF in desired sequence. The interface board has been designed to work with parallel port of Microprocessor system.The hardware of the system consists of two develops. The first part is Microprocessor based system with 8085. Microprocessor as CPU and the peripheral devices like EPROM, RAM, Keyboard Display Contro ller 8279, Programmable as circumferential Interface 8255, 26 pin parallel port connector, 21 keys Hexa key pad and six chassis of seven segment LEDs.The second part is the traffic light controller interface board, which consist of 36 LEDs in which 20 LEDs are used for vehicle traffic and they are attached to 20 port lines of 8255 through Buffer. Remaining LEDs are used for pedestrian traffic. The traffic light interface board is connected to Main board using 26 core flat cables to 26-pin Port connector. The LEDs can be switched ON/OFF in the specified sequence by the Microprocessor.The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they sail the roads. A variety of different control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and coordination systems that self-adjust to minimize delay to people using the road.Traffic Controller SystemsA traffic maneuver is typically controlled by a controller inside a storage locker mounted on a concrete pad. Although some electro-mechanical controllers are still in use (New York City still has 4,800), modern traffic controllers are solid state. The cabinet typically contains a power panel, to distribute electrical power in the cabinet a detector interface panel, to connect to loop detectors and other(a) detectors detector amplifiers the controller itself a meshing monitor unit flash transfer relays a police panel, to allow the police to disable the sharpen and other components.Fixed Time ControlThe simplest control system uses a timer (fixed-time) each bod of the portend lasts for a specific duration before the next phase occurs this pattern repeats itself regardless of traffic. umpteen older traffic light installations still use these, and timer-based signals are effective in one elan grids where it is of ten possible to coordinate the traffic lights to the posted speed limit. They are however disadvantageous when the signal timing of an intersection would profit from being adapted to the dominant flows changing over the time of the day. changing ControlDynamic, or actuated, signals are programmed to adjust their timing and phasing to meet changing traffic conditions. The system adjusts signal phasing and timing to minimize the delay of people going through the intersection. It is also commonplace to alter the control strategy of a traffic light based on the time of day and day of the week, or for other special circumstances such as a major event causing bizarre demand at an intersection.The controller uses input from detectors, which are sensors that inform the controller processor whether vehicles or other road users are present, to adjust signal timing and phasing within the limits set by the controllersprogramming. It can let out more time to an intersection approach that is ex periencing heavy traffic, or shorten or even pass over a phase that has little or no traffic waiting for a green light. Detectors can be grouped into three classes in-pavement detectors, non-intrusive detectors, and detection for non-motorized road users.Working ProgramDesign of a microprocessor system to control traffic lights. The traffic light arrangement is as shown in Fig. The traffic should be controlled in the following manner.1) Allow traffic from W to E and E to W transition for 20 seconds. 2) expire transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 3) Allow traffic from N to 5 and 5 to N for 20 seconds 4) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 5) Repeat the process.Source ProgramMVI A, 80H Initialize 8255, port A and port BOUT 83H (CR) in output modeSTART MVI A, 09HOUT 80H (PA) Send info on PA to glow R1 and R2MVI A, 24HOUT 81H (PB) Send data on PB to glow G3 and G4MVI C, 28H rouse multiplier count (40) for delayCALL frustrate Call delay subroutineMVI A, 12HOUT (81H) PA Send data on Port A to glow Y1 and Y2OUT (81H) PB Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4MVI C, 0AH institutionalize multiplier count (10) for delayCALL embarrass Call delay subroutineMVI A, 24HOUT (80H) PA Send data on port A to glow G1 and G2MVI A, 09HOUT (81H) PB Send data on port B to glow R3 and R4MVI C, 28H stretch out multiplier count (40) for delayCALL DELAY Call delay subroutineMVI A, 12HOUT PA Send data on port A to glow Y1 and Y2OUT PB Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4MVI C, 0AH Load multiplier count (10) for delayCALL DELAY Call delay subroutineJMP STARTDelay SubroutineDELAY LXI D, Count Load count to give 0.5 sec delayBACK DCX D Decrement counterMOV A, DORA E Check whether count is 0JNZ BACK If not zero, repeatDCR C Check if multiplier zero, other repeatJNZ DELAYRET Return to main programReferencesv www.rbainnovations.com//A%208085/H%20Traffic%20light%20controller-n.docv www.freshpatents.com/-dt20090702ptan20090167561.phpv http//www.8085projects .info/page/free-programs-for-8085-microprocessor.aspxv http//www.8085projects.info/post/Traffic-Light-Control.aspxv U.S.Shah, Microprocessor and its applications, Tech- Max Pulications, Pune.

What Is Elitism And Anti Elitism Politics Essay

What Is Elitism And Anti Elitism Politics Essay elect(ip) groups derive from a fundamental and universal fact of hearty life, namely, the absence in any(prenominal) rangyger-mouthed collectivity of a husky habitual interest. While it is true that most large collectivities rest on a base of neighborly and ethnical understandings, these tend to be ambiguous and rough. The satisfactions some of their particles seek atomic number 18 only partly matched with the satisfactions sought by opposite members. Members constantly claim statuses and other valued goods for themselves, their kin, friends, and every last(predicate)ies that other members do not accept as fully legitimate. Acceding to these claims is very much more(prenominal) a matter of judging that it is severe or inexpedient to resist them than of recognizing that the persons and groups making the claims find some right to do so. In large collectivities common interest is fairly minimal and must invariably be sup plemented by authoritative decisions that dissenters and opponents assume not or find it inexpedient to resist. Elites may be defined as persons who, by equity of their strategic locations in large or otherwise pivotal brasss and movements, argon able to affect indemnity-making out arises regularly and substantially. Put differently, elect(ip)s atomic number 18 persons with the organized capacity to make real political trouble without organism promptly repressed. They consist not only of prestigious and established leading eliminate politicians, of the essence(predicate) businessmen, upper-level civil servants, senior troops officers exactly also, in varying degrees in different societies, comparatively brief and less individually known leaders of mass organizations such as trade unions, important automatic associations, and politically consequential mass movements. Counter- elects atomic number 18 subsumed by this definition because they absolvedly confound the organized capacity, although perhaps mainly through and through negation, to affect political outcomes regularly and substantially. It is important to stress that this is a layed and specifically political definition of selected group group groups. It is restricted to persons who are at the twitch of the pyramid or pyramids of political, frugal, and kind agency (Putnam, 1976). It does not consider all those in a ordination who enjoy high occupational, educational, or cultural statuses to be elect(ip)s in a political sense. As defined, home(a) political elites are not large in number. Geraint Parry (1969/2005) has observed that the entire British elite could be seated with ease in a soccer stadium. Using strict organizational and postal criteria, as healthful as entropy about sizes of elite networks, some researchers film estimated that the national political elite in the United States add up perhaps ten thousand persons (Dye, 2002), maybe half this number in medium-s ized countries like France (Dogan, 2003), Australia (Higley, Deacon Smart, 1979) or Ger hu humankind racey (Hoffmann-Lange, 1992), and about fifteen hundred in scummy countries like Denmark (Christiansen, Mller Togeby, 2001) and Norway (Gulbrandsen and Engelstad, 2002). This last estimate of few than two thousand persons is probably the most plausible for all countries during the early modern historical percentage point and all hardly the most populous developing countries todayElitismElitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the elite a select group of raft with outstanding personal abilities, intellect, exuberantes, specialized training or stupefy, or other distinctive attributes are those whose watch all overs on a matter are to be taken the most seriously or carry the most weight whose views and/or actions are most apparent to be constructive to society as a whole or whose extraordinary skills, abilities or scholarshi p render them especially fit to govern 1. Alternatively, the term elitism may be used to describe a situation in which originator is concentrated in the hands of the elite. Opposed to elitism are anti-elitism, populism, and the political guess of pluralism. Elite possibility is the sociological or political science abstract of elite influence in society elite theorists regard pluralism as a utopian ideal. Elitism may also refer to situations in which an elite individual assumes special privileges and responsibilities in the hope that this arrangement will benefit humanity. At times, elitism is about related to social phratry and what sociologists call social stratification. Members of the upper kines are sometimes, though inaccurately, known as the social elite. The term elitism is also sometimes misused to denote situations in which a group of concourse claiming to possess high abilities or simply an in-group or cadre grant themselves extra privileges at the get down of ot hers. This debased form of elitism may be described asdiscrimination(1) The belief that administration ought in principle, always and everywhere, to be limit to elites. Rarely a worked-out doctrine in its own right, more much a piece of unexamined value judgement, or a view which follows from some more general phone line in political philosophy, as for example in Platos Republic.(2) The belief that government is in arrange intent to elites that, hobby a maxim of Hume, ought implies can (in other words, that there is no point in saying that government ought to be instructionled by the pot if in practice it cannot) and that we might just as vigorous accept what we are bound to have anyhow. These views are especially associated with Mosca and with Pareto in the early twentieth century, and with Schumpeter in mid-century. All three writers shade into elitism in sense 1 because they go on to reach normative justifications of rule by elites in a democracy. However, their earl ier arguments do not in themselves imply that if antiauthoritarian control of the government were somehow achievable it would be undesirable.(3) The belief that government is in practice confined to elites that this has often been justified by arguments from Plato or Schumpeter but that this is undesirable because elite rule is in practice rule on behalf of the vested interests of (usually economic) elites.Defining of elite (Elitism)There is no single definition of the judgment of elite. What the literary productions reflects is divergent array of definition of the term. The lack of a unified meaning of elite emanates from the scope an limit of those include in the spectrum of elite rank, given the universality of the accepted meaning of the term itself. Therefore, various definitions organize and different models and constructs develop as frames of analysis.Despite the differences in definitions, all elite theorists seem to agree on one thing the powerful position of a small gr oup of individuals or groups who either design or influence decisions that affect national outcomes. Thus, all actors occupying key positions in the political, economic, forces, governmental, cultural, and administrative institutions and organizations are considered members of the elite because they affect the national outcomes.According to Mosca (1939),In all societies, from less developed to the most advanced, tow classes of good deal appear, a class that rules and a class that is governThe class that rules is few, whereas the more numerous class, is directed at and controlled by the first, in a manner that is now more or less legal, now more or less arbitrary and violent. (50)The few elites acquire a stake in preserving the organization and their position in it. This motive gives leaders a perspective different from that of the organizations members. An elite is hence inevitable in any social organization Dye an zeigler,1993 2-3) To Michels (1959), he who says organization, s ays oligarchy (70), and government is always government by the few, whether in the name of the few, the one, or the many(Lasswell and Lerner, 19527)According to Gwen Moore (1979), the term political elite refer to persons who by virtue of their institutional positions have a high potential to influence national policy making therefore, it includes politicians, government formaliseds, and the leaders of various interest groups, which attempt to influence the allocation of values in socity(Moore,1979see also Parry, 196913) more clearly, Higley and Burton (1989) define national elites as persons who are able, by virtue of their authoritative positions in powerful organizations and movements of some(prenominal) kind, to affect national political outcomes regularly and substantially(18)In defense of elite conjecture, and signifying the importance of the organizational mise en scene of elites, Higley, Burton, and Field (1973) maintain that they have consistently followed Weber and Mov ement leaders are elites only to the conclusion that the movements are bureaucratically structured and thus powerful on a sustained basis. Those leaders then can affect political outcomes regularly and substantially (Higley, Burton, and Field, 1990)Dogan and Higley (1996) define elites as the few hundred or at most few thousand persons who head the major(ip) institutions, organizations, and movements in a society and who are therefore able to impel or impede political decisions on a regular basis. Elites consist, therefore, of the top leaders of political parties, governmental bureaucracies, large and /or pivotally located business firms and large unions, the military, the media, professional, religious, educational, and other major organizations, as well as the leaders of powerful interest groups and mass movements.Because these definitions are in addition broad, inclusive, and confusing, they are subject to interpretations and challenges, such as the one offered by Alan Knight ( 1996) in his extensive and provocative analysis of elite theory.To Hunter (1959), elites are the top leaders who shape and control the power structure, whereas to Mills (1956), they are the power elite,Composed of men whose positions enable them to transcend the ordinary environments of ordinary men and women they are in positions to make decisions having major consequences Whether they do or do not make such decisions is less important than the fact that they do occupy such pivotal positions their failure to act, their failure to make decisions, is itself an act that is often of greater consequence than the decisions they do make, for they are in command of the major hierarchies and organizations of modern society. They run the big corporations. They run the machinery of the call forth and claim its prerogatives. They direct the military establishment. They occupy the strategic command posts of the social structure, in which are now centered the rough-and-ready means of the power and the wealth and the celebrity which they enjoy. The power elite are not solitary rulers. Advisors and consultants, spokesmen and opinion makers, are often the captains of their higher thought and decision. Immediately down the stairs the elite are the professional politicians of the middle levels of power, in the Congress and in the pressure groups, as well as among the new and old upper classes of town and city and regionMills definition of the concept of power elite is both clear and comprehensive in that it includes not only the macro elites, but also the micro elites who operate the organizations and institutions controlled by the power elite. This view is divisiond by the more contemporary elite theorists who focus in their studies on interlocking organizational networks of the elites. Despite the common tenets emphasized in these definitions, the following perspectives on elite theory may be discerned.Types of EliteFollowing the ideas of Machiavelli, he heroic two main types of elite groupa. Lion elites who were able to rule by force (for example, military governances).b. Fox elites who were able to rule by manipulation (for example, liberal popular regimes)Characteristics of the eliteAttributes that identify elite vary personal achievement may not be essential. Elite attributes includeRigorous field of operation of, or great accomplishment at heart, a particular field of studyA long principal record of competence in a demanding fieldAn extensive history of dedication and effort in service to a specific discipline (e.g., medicine or martial arts)A high degree of accomplishment, training or wisdom within a given fieldAn elite fighter, for example, is one whose training, resolve, and experience in combat place him at the top of his field. Most nations employ some kind of peculiar(prenominal) Forces make up of elite soldiers whose training goes far beyond what is typical for the average soldier. The academic elite, on the other hand, comprises o nly those professors whose studies are likely to shape their respective disciplines for years to come. One synonym for elite might be world class, indicating that the individual in question is capable of participating impressively at the very highest levels of his or her chosen discipline.Anti-elitismElitism as a uncomplimentary termThe term elitism or the surname elitist can be used resentfully 2 by a person who is not a member of an elite, or is a member but resents the elite position or uses it in a puckish or cynical manner in order to ridicule or criticize practices which discriminate on the basis of ability or attributes. Often, accusing someone of creation an elitist is used as a pejorative remark meant to imply that the person in question does not in fact belong to an elite, but is merely a hanger-on. Sometimes, particularly in political circles, it is used simply as a generic insult, with little to no literal basis for the terms use beyond a general ire towards the ta rget.Elitism versus egalitarianismElitism can be interpreted as encouraging the exclusion of large numbers of sight from positions of privilege or power. Thus, many populists seek the social equality of Egalitarianism, Populism, Socialism, or Communism. They may also persist affirmative action, social security, luxury taxes, and increasingly high progressive taxes for the wealthiest members of society. All of these measures seek to reduce the chap of power in the midst of the elite and those who are not elite.Elitism versus pluralismPluralism is the belief that public policy decisions should be (or, descriptively, are) the response of the attempt of forces exerted by large populations (workers, consumers, retirees, parents, etc.) directly or indirectly in the policy-making process. This is contrasted with elitism which is the belief that decisions should be (or are) being make essentially according to the interests or ideas of elites. There is a difference, however, between th e idea of being more able to fulfill a political task and the actual knowing of the specialization and specifications of all(prenominal) corporation or other group among the general population and its particular hopes and needs, which suggests a way of cooperation which has been of late put into practice in some countries between politicians and groups of citizens which have some remote resemblances to Corporatism.Elitism and educationElitism in the context of education is the practice of concentrating charge on or allocating funding to the students who rank highest in a particular field of endeavor, with the other students being deemed less capable of achievement or as place less promise for the societys future. For example, a politician who promotes specialized biochemistry classes for highly intelligent students in an effort to retrieve diseases might be accused of elitism. Elitism in education could be based upon learning ability, knowledge, or other abilities. An elite sch ool could merely be a wealthy school or an old school. billet eliteA Power Elite, in political and sociological theory, is a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, and access to decision-making of global consequence. The term was coined by Charles Wright Mills in his 1956 book, The Power Elite. The Power Elite (1956) describes the relationship between political, military, and economic elite (people at the pinnacles of these three institutions), noting that these people share a common world view, 1) the military metaphysic- a military definition of reality, possess 2) class identity- recognizing themselves separate and superior to the rest of society, have 3) inter replaceability i.e. the move within and between the three institutional structures and hold interlocking directorates 4) cooptation/socialization of prospective new members is done based on how well they re-create themselves socially after such elite. Further these elite in the b ig three institutional orders have an uneasy alliance based upon their comm angiotensin-converting enzyme of interests driven by the military metaphysic, which has transformed the economy into a permanent war economy. In critical work, the US Power elite consists of members of the Business/ in bodilyd Community, Academia, politicians, media editors, military service personnel, and high-profile journalists. From here on, a general form of consensus building and homogenesing of elite members views is eventually achieved. Social social system forming Power Elite the American way and the American Dream can be defined as that dream of a gain in which life should be better and prolificer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for separately according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and withal many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of force back cars and high wages me rely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be accept by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position (James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America). However, it has been argued that a sexual congressly fit(p) group of privileged Americans shape our economy and government solely because of their higher wealth and social status. This idea goes against the original American way, and begins a new one. This new American way involves a fixed group of Americans, called the power elite. The power elite stems from many groups forming into oneCorporate Community This group includes rich corporations, banks and agribusinesses. These tend to dominate the federal government in Washington. Growth Coalitions This group includes real estate, construction and land tuition companies. These tend to dominate the local governments. Both the corpora te communities and growth coalitions sometimes will have conflicting ideas and competition between each other over profits and investment opportunities. However, they tend to have the same policies affecting their general welfare. These groups have the ability to organize and defend their interests due to their large wealth and income. The owners and managers of these large income producing properties hold a great share of all of the income and wealth in the US. This is more than any other industrial democracy (they are 1% of the entire US population). By holding this share of income, these groups clearly create the dominating class in the US. This dominating class has name of its own Corporate Rich This group becomes more of a common social group. They belong to the same social clubs, they holiday at the same summer and winter resorts and they send their children to the same personal schools. They create the social upper class. stake Entrepreneurs This group tends to be filled with members of the growth coalition. They sell locations and buildings. By doing this, they become the local upper class in their respective cities. Because of this, they tend to mingle with the corporate rich in vacation/resort settings or educational settings. Policy Formation Network This group tends to be filled with members from both the corporate rich and the place entrepreneurs/growth coalition. They develop and direct non-profit organizations, charity foundations and policy discussion groups. As these non-profit groups join at a national level, they are able to create policies for local communities and national level city development organizations. All of these groups take a part in creating the ultimate power elite, the leadership group for the corporate rich as a whole.Power Elite This group tends to have corporate owners join with top level executives in the corporate community of interests and the policy formation network. This group tends to be the wealthiest in th e US and use this group title to create policies for the US to use on a national level. However, it is clear that not all people in the power elite group are involved in governance. Some simply enjoy the lifestyle wealth can bring.Characteristics of the Power EliteAccording to C. Wright Mills, among the beat out known power-elite theorists, the governing elite in the United States draws its members from three areas (1) the highest political leaders including the president and a handful of key cabinet members and close advisers (2) major corporate owners and directors and (3) high-ranking military officers.Even though these individuals constitute a close-knit group, they are not part of a conspiracy that secretly verifys events in their own selfish interest. For the most part, the elite respects civil liberties, follows established constitutional principles, and operates openly and peacefully. It is not a dictatorship it does not rely on terror, a secret police, or midnight arrests to get its way. It does not have to, as we will see.Nor is its membership closed, although many members have enjoyed a head start in life by virtue of their being born into prominent families. Nevertheless, those who work hard, enjoy good luck, and present a willingness to adopt elite values do find it possible to work into higher circles from below.If the elite do not derive its power from repression or inheritance, from where does its strength come? Basically it comes from control of the highest positions in the political and business hierarchy and from shared values and beliefs.Elite approach in political relationThose who take issue with pluralism such as C. Wright Mills argue that a few people in all societies manipulate the levers of government to their benefit. As a review of the pluralist approach, Elite theory suggests that focus should not be on individuals and the freely formed groups based on interests but that society breaks down into two groups the few on top who ho ld power and rule (the ones Plato referred to as philosopher kings) or the Oligarchy The many below who are governed by them. Elite theory acknowledges that human society is not all the same and that the differences among people in society make elite rule or the rule of the oligarchy inevitable elites straddle both the public and private realms. For example different political elites and corporate elites become bureaucratic elites over time and influence the circumspection of state policies in their different public and private capacities elites of different groups in society political, corporate, workers, ethnic, regional, and other groups of common bond tend to find what is called Elite Accommodation elites also tend to reproduce them selves as they come to rely on each other for advice and action. They come to share a common world view and defend their common interests some have suggested that the state elites can become autonomous from society through this process of elite acc ommodation. What emerges is what is called the Embedded Stat Critics of elite theory have pointed to it over-emphasis of the cohesion of the elites or oligarchy and lack of attention to the competition within the ruling elites.Further, that in modern society political constraints makes it impossible for rulers to ignore the interests of the masses. Elite approach focuses on elites domination of political life with an alienated majority accepting their role in society, while the class analysis approach suggests that social classes arise in society because of the nature of the organization of the economy and exist in antagonism against each otherElite theoryElite theory is a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in modern society. It argues that a small minority, comprised of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, hold the most power no matter what happens in elections in a country. Through positions in corporations or on corporate boards, and influence over the policy-planning networks through financial keep going of foundations or positions with think tanks or policy-discussion groups, members of the elite are able to have significant power over policy decisions of corporations and governments. The theory stands in opposition to pluralism in suggesting that democracy is a utopian ideal. It also stands in opposition to state autonomy theory.Classical and New Elite TheoryAlthough the idea probably always has been present in some form, elitism emerged as a recognizable and clearly defined part of western political thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The leading contributors to the theory were Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Robert Michels. These writers attacked untarnished democratic thought and also Aristotle and Karl Marx. Majority rule, they insisted, is impossible. Every society is divided into those who rule and those who are ruled and the rulers constitute only a small minority of any society. Aristotles classification, which divided political systems into three types (rule by one, rule by a few, and rule by the many), does not fit reality either, for no man is capable of ruling by himself, and the many, too, lack the ability to govern. It is the few, under any political system, who exercise effective control. And Marx, with his emphasis on a class struggle that in the end (following the victory of the working class) leads to social harmony in a classless society, was also wrong. History features a continuing struggle among elites. That struggle will never end, and a classless society cannot be created. Moreover, to the pioneers in the development of elitist theory, Marx placed too much emphasis on economics and not enough on politics, which could be autonomous.Classical elitist theory did not maintain merely that the active, socially recognizable people in a country made its important decisions-whether from within offices of government, f rom somewhere behind the scenes, or from completely outside the state apparatus. It emphatically assert that the common man, however numerous within a society in absolute or relative terms, did not. Analysts of elites, who generally focus on the distribution of power sort of than on the allocation of values, or on property and other wealth forms, differ sanely over the degree of participation in government or, more generally, the political process that is necessary for a member of the elite accurately to be judged a member of what Mosca characterizes as the ruling class. A societys elite is usually thought to be a unchanging entity, self-sustaining and constant over time. Yet the actual group that is in office can change markedly and very quickly. The concept of an elite therefore may need to be understood as encompassing all those who might govern as well as those who in fact do govern.However elite is precisely understood, elitist theory is clear in the basic point that a minor ity, rather than the masses, controls things. The general population of a country-the common man-is ineffective. Even in societies with elections and other democratic mechanisms, it is posited, the ruling elite functions in a way that is largely independent of control by a popular majority. However, it made need a justifying doctrine. That the elite ordinarily functions according to a political formula, in Moscas term, is what makes its rule effective and acceptable to the masses Thus, in theory, there can be a democratic elitism, however incorrect that may seem.A new elite paradigm, building on the work of Mosca and other classical theorists, emerged in the 1980s and 1990s among comparative political sociologists. It drew attention to the occurrence, and the important effects, of divisions that may arise within the elite of a society. Its central proposition, as stated by John Higley and Michael Burton (1989), is as follows A disunified national elite, which is the most common typ e, produces a series of unstable regimes that tend to oscillate between authoritarian and democratic forms over varying intervals. A consensually unified national elite, which is historically much rarer, produces a stable regime that may evolve into a modern democracy, as in Sweden, or Britain, or the United States, if economic and other facilitative conditions permit.In the United States, normally, internal and external conditions have favored consensual unity within the nations elite. Of course, the American Revolution and, later, the Civil War, are the major exceptions to this generalization. During those periods, divisions ran so deep as to produce counter-elites. As the political sociologist Barrington Moore, Jr., and the political historian C. Vann Woodward have shown, the reconciliation between North and South that occurred following post-Civil War Reconstruction was in significant part a result of a complex raft between the elites in formerly opposed geographical sections. After the late nineteenth century, issues of foreign policy have on occasion divided the American elite as well. A by-product of this has been a widening of participation in the national debate over foreign policy. That this amounts to a democratization of American foreign policymaking, however, is highly disputable.Elite theoristsWright MillsC. Wright Mills published his book The Power Elite in 1956 claiming a new perspective on systems of power in the USA. He identified a triumvirate of power groups political, economic and military who form a distinguishable, although not unified body, wielding power in the American stateHe proposed that this group had been generated through a process of rationalisation at work in all advanced industrial societies where by the mechanisms of power became concentrated funnelling overall control into the hands of a limited, somewhat corrupt group (Bottomore 1993). This reflected a decline in politics as an arena for debate and delegation to a merel y formal level of discourse (Mills 1956). This macro-scale analysis sought to point out the debasement of democracy in advanced societies and the fact that power generally lies outside the boundaries of elected representatives.Floyd HunterThe elite theory analysis of power was also applied on the micro scale in community power studies such as that by Floyd Hunter (1953). Hunter examined in detail the power relationships unpatterned in his Regional City looking for the real holders of power rather than those in obvious official positions. He posited a structural-functional approach which mapped the hierarchies and webs of interconnection operating within the city mapping relationships of power between businessmen, politicians, clergy etc. The study was promoted to debunk current concepts of any democracy present within urban politics and reaffirm the arguments for a true representative democracy (Hunter 1953).This type of analysis was also used in later, larger scale, studies such as that carried out by M. Schwarz examining the power structures within the sphere of the corporate elite in the USA (Schwarz 1987).James BurnhamJames Burnhams early work The Managerial Revolution sought to pull out the movement of all functional power into the hands of managers rather than politicians or businessmen separating ownership and control (Bottomore 193). Many of these id

Example Answers for Marketing Management Exam Paper

Example Answers for merchandise Management Exam story5. Identify and describe some problems and challenges to commercializeing managers in relation to alteration and innovation. Critically discuss the links between st swangic grocerying focusing and the change purlieu with particular strikeence to Levitts (1960) seminal article Marketing Myopia.In the market context, change brought astir(predicate) by economic recession, luxuriant technologies usage and privation freighter all affect the stability of market environment (Sirmon, Hitt and Ireland, 2007). Global economy is accelerating at a fast rate giving way to competitive risks and opportunities. Therefore, effective strategic readiness is incumbent that could help marketers to survive and improve their company performance in miffed environments (Ireland and Hitt, 2005).Change environment and strategic marketing oversightStrategic watchfulness involves the role played by managers to align business organization with ev er-changing environment. Mostly business organizations ar beingness regulated on minute vision, therefore in order to bring about change and innovation, the incorporate vision of organization essential be reexamined to define markets in a broader context. This was the crux of Levitts article marketing myopia, i.e. marketers focus on the products instead of customer. harmonise to him the environmental change is not a major contributor in the problems faced by industries kinda it is the constricted stance of their marketing managers or decision makers. It is basically the failure linked with the top managements inability to have it away with the business beyond the narrow confines of conventional action procedures. treasonably myths ilk prediction of an avid market share due to maturation in population, absence of substitutes and total reliance on mass production lead to marketing myopia. Approach of the marketers should be customer centric rather than product centric as Lev itt has rightfully given the example of atomic number 1 Ford, the founder of Ford Motors who adopted the strategy to lessen cost harm of cars to attract more customers. Technology cannot always guarantee successful market outcomes therefore sometimes firms have to give away their personal lolly to gain long term market survival.The strategic marketing management and its interaction with the firms environment play a vital moderating role. As both components are regarded dynamic, it is less frequent that the firms succumb to the tendencies of marketing myopia. perverse to that if the marketing environment is static, myopic stance is inevitable and the firm testament have to suffer the consequences. For avoiding myopia, a firm will have to come up with the changing market demands (Lichtenthal, and Iyer, 2003).Presentation1JJ.bmpTable Typology of firm-environment linksTo deal with the change environment, firms can develop new strategies with the aid of Mckinsey 7S Model that have t he tendency to forestall hard factors (e.g. systems, structure) and soft factors (like culture, education level of employees, shared values etc). The method is also helpful for merger and acquisition (Egner, 2009).mckinsey-7s-model-software_business___productivity_barcode_software-31759-screenshot.gifHard ElementsSoft Elements schemaStructureSystemsShared ValuesSkillsStyleStaff2. What are competencies and capabilities? press the importance of a marketing manager assessing business competencies and capabilities in the fulfillment of corporate and marketing objectives. Use examples of competences and capabilities to illustrate your answer.Competencies and capabilitiesThese concepts of strategic management refer to the ability of a business organization to provide the services being promised to potential clients. Both are interrelated but differ in their applicability in the marketing context. Competencies might be regarded as the skills possess by a firm on which the marketing man ager or retailer can make strategic decisions. These can be brought about by providing high level customer service or skills like utilization of modern technology by the marketing company. An example of competencies could be the CRM initiatives of the real estate firm, Barratt Developments PLC.Capabilities are reflected through the business organizations actual port encompassing the ability of the firm to expand its resource base in order to attain competitive advantage in the market. They can be judged on the basis of firms values, resources and processes (e.g. communication and decision making pattern).Importance of marketing managerEvery business organization possesses some core competencies that are required to be critically evaluated for proper market functioning in coming years. Therefore, managers of a business organization should start developing and planning strategies to achieve these competencies beforehand. For example with the wide scale implementation of the e-tailing concept, maintaining and designing of a website could be the competence that is deemed crucial for success among competitors (Sullivan and Adcock, 2002, p. 323).Skills can be bought in the retail sector yet the onset of developing skills is regarded a come apart option.Resources and skills for example the retail staff human resources should be honed into the capability for providing a service at a specific marketing level. According to Kotler (1997) for delivering triumph to the clients, a good marketing manager should be able to shape the needfully for customer satisfaction and express them through organizations capabilities.By strategically investing in resources, development of capability and competencies should be planned by the marketing managers in relation to the marketing objectives set forth by the firm based on the knowledge of current business environment and strategies that are possible to execute. Although development of competencies and capabilities are sometimes difficult to control, managers must predict the future requirements by taking into account current needs (Sullivan and Adcock, 2002, p. 323).