Greek And Roman Mythology Essay

Divine Myth True fictions or fable proper. Stories in which the main characters are super subjective creations. Gener alto clearhery explain whatever aspect of the orb Example would be genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Zeus over throwing his perplex and the work forcedd stories creation of myths and of the superannuated greeks Nyx (Night) the abstract concept of night disposed(p) to a fewer forgiving characteristics. Union of Nyx and Erebus (Darkness) produced their opposites, aether Radiance and herma twenty-four hour period Legends (Sagas) Latin word is Legenda something that moldiness be read. Originated referred to Christian Stories of the saints. Stories of bang-up deeds from valet de chambre.(Semi-divine), usu t place ensembley narrates the events of the gracious past Stories of the Trojan war and the exploits of Achilles and the separate Hellenic heroes fit into this category. Troy and Legend Heinrich Sch lie compositionn 1822-1890 Believed that Homers stories ab give out-of-door(predicate) Troy were based on historical virtue Funded archaeological launchpad at Troy and later at Mycenae Founded a huge cloud of gold and jewels, Priams Treasure Folktales Stories whose characters are ordinary volume or animals folk takes march both to entertain and teach or justify. classicals had a work for folk talk, Ainos (Simple fable)Hesiod Works and Days The hawk and the nightingale Motifs first-string appearance of certain identifiable narrative patterns in a accounting The neo novel we see the base of water or weak which consistently comes up n the flooring, serves as a thread race demeanor throughout Simple melodic themes include double (Twins, doppelgangers) dragons, etc Theories of Myth Allegory Greek word marrow say something differently Similar to emblemism sensual Allegory THEAGENES (6TH CENTURY B. C. )First procedure of aloneegory to interpret myth Myths about battl es between gods really correspond natural conflicts between naturalcauses Based his interpretations on opposites. unity god may repre direct make off and another water.Clashes repre direct eternal conflicts between fire and water inconclusive Etymologies Means getting to the root of a word Cronus ( flummox of Zeus) Greeks tried to relate Cronus to Crono (Time) Cronus eats children (Time devours everything) However Cronus and Crono are not etymologically related words historical Allegory Euhemerism An interpretation created by Euhemerus (ca 300 B. C. ) Opposed to physical allegory, Euhemerism says myths specialise us historical truths not philosophical truthsGods are historical figures, mankind tycoons ruled long ago and were transformed into stories by gods Related to Euhemerism and irrational etymologies is the idea that myths were formed by an understanding. Actaeoniane are not torn by by his dogs, simply discontinueed by spending all his specie on hunting dogs The Mi noans Ca 2200 B. C. E ca 1450 B. C. E epicurean palaces signifi hobot wealth and technology Bull is an important religious symbol Worshipped female fertility goddess No defensive structures- lordy of the ocean Non Indo-Europeans Non Greek Speakers ( running(a) A script not deciphered) Thera (Modern Santorini)A rich Minoan culture that was destroyed ca 1630 BCE The End of the Minoans ca 1450 B. C. E Minoan Civilization was destroyed and palaces burned Palace at Cnossus Mycenaean Ca 1600 B. C. E- 1150 B. C. E Indo-European Greek Speakers (linear B script) Mycenaes ruled by proponentful king Warlike people- Bronze weaponry, chariots. 1150 B. C. E, palaces destroyed by fire. Linear B language lost for 400 years until Archeic Period Re-emerged as Greek Alphabets Near vitamin Eern Influence Mesopotamia Land between Rivers (Tigris and Euphrates, modern Iraq) significant source for myths Non Indo-Europeans speaking society.( linguistic group than the Greeks) Greek myths of the rakehe ll of the present world order, a universal flood and other myths acquaint the influence of the near east. Other important peoples that influenced Greek myth Sumerians, Semites, Akk kinfolk 12, 2013 Creation Myths 1 Hesiods Theogony Ca. 700 B. C. E 2 works blend intact (frag custodyts of some of his other works are extent) About the beginning of the universe and the ascension of Zeus to kings of the gods Works and Days The account of the pearl of man from a golden age to one of the iron expound on the personification of various aspects of life.Eg germanium is the mother nature germanium is in pain because of Uranos hatred of their off spring Uranos imprisons his youngest children to Tartarus Succession myth (Uranos feared that his children would take his power away from him) Gaea encourages Cronus to exact revenge Cronus threw Uranos crotch into the sea, which gave rise to Aphrodite (God of love/ knowledgeableity) The Giants (Erinyes, Furies) and Melian ash-tree Nymphs sprang from Uranos spilled melodic line Cronus warned by Gaea (Mother) and Uranos ( take), would be triskaidekaphobic of their off springs Cronos (Time) and Rhea had Zeus, Poseidon (Earth Shaker), Hades, Hera, Demeter, andHestia Once born, Cronos eats his children to prevent from being overthrown Rhea, advice from her parents hid her youngest child, Zeus on the island of Crete in a cave. Rhea gave Cronus a stone in place of Zeuss place Zeus raised in a cave by nymphs and fed milk from the goat Amalthea and the erotic love from the bee Melissa Protected by the Corybantes (Whirlers)/ Curetes young menMetis (Cleverness) give Cronus an vomitive (causes him to vomit his sons and girlfriends) The stone become the famous omphalos placed in Delphi (Center of the existence) Rhea and Cronos, and Gaia and UranusThe Titanomachy (War against the Titans) Titans led by Cronus, capital of Washingtonns led by Zeus Some of the Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires (the Hundred-handers) helped Zeus.The Cyclo pes fashioned Zeuss thunderbolt. lastly the Olympians won Zeus banishes Cronus to Tartarus, along with the other Titans where they are watched by the Hundred-handers The women were neutral, they were not banished. Epimetheus, Prometheus, and atlas were spared. Atlass punishment was that he had to hold up the sky at the edge of the world Typhoesus/Typhons/Typhus Typheous is the youngest son of Tartarus and GaeaHe was so terrifying that the Olympian gods fled to Egypt and disguised themselves as animals. In a fierce battle (hurled, torn to sinews) Zeus defeated Typheous- Mt. Etna(Typheous was being held down there)Dragon combat motif (Characteristics where they are born intimate the earth) (Dragons represent feminity Zeus represents masculine values Birth of A soa Zeus escapes the pattern of the succession myth (overthrown) Zeus has married Metis and she was pregnant Zeus swallowed Metis (Assimilated intelligence into himself) Gave him a headspringache (Cracks his skull into allowi ng Athena to come out of his head) single of Zeuss favorite children Gigantomachy Not mentioned by Hesiod Giants were urged to attack Olympus other test of Zeuss powers The Olympians defeat the Giants, in a bulky battle. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades divide the world among themselves Prophecy of the son of a virulent mother Hercules. (Was the hero Zeus needed to defeat the giants) Giants urged to attack by Gaea Creation Myths 2The Fall of Man The penalisation of Prometheus Prometheus ethnic hero (Gives mortals a chance) Said to be the creator of humans Prometheus tricked Zeus at Mekone unto reserving the edible parts of the hold for humansGods get the swot up and fat Etiology (Explains the reason) Greek sacrificial custom For the trick, Zeus punishes the humans (Withholds the fire)Prometheus and Fire Prometheus steals the fire back from heaven in a fennel-stalk Punishment for this trickery Zeus sends Pandora to men and chains Prometheus, years later dispense withd by Hercules. Pr ometheus gets a visitation from an eagle every day to peck out his liver Pandora (All gifted) Name means all-gifted because of all the gods contributed to her creation and endowed her with more an(prenominal) charms. Hephaestos- Fashions her from the earth Athena- Gives her domestic s refines.Aphrodite- gives her grace, beauty, desire and the ability to spark sexual disposition Graces and Persuasion Necklaces Epimetheus (after thought) is told by his brother Prometheus (fore thought) to not accept any gifts from Zeus He sees Pandora and accepts Pandora She carries a JAR ( not a box) In the quaver, it contains all the evil and good things When she opens the stir, all the evil things follow to earth magic spell the good things fly to heaven/ single hope is caught in the jar 4/5 Ages of Men Hesiods Works and Days and Ovids Metamorphoses Ovid 43 B. C. E 17 B. C. E Works include artistic production of Love and the Metamorphoses.Exiled by Augustus Zeus Father of Gods and Men De rived from the Indo-European thrash about God di-cf. Germanic Tiu and Indic Dyaus Ritar Roman Jupiter Cloud Gather Aegis guardianship Zeus Goat Skin a magical object that represented Zeus power, it oft represented as a shield with snake headed tassels. Zeus lent it to Athena Many Lovers (Eurynome (Graces) Mnemosyne (Muses) Ganymede (cup-bearer to the gods) Themis (rules and order) Many offspring (Sarpedon, Zeuss Son, Minoss brother Moerae fates Clotho spinner, Lachesis apportioner and Atropos she who cannot be saturnine asunder Horae Seasons.Zeus is renowned for his physical strength which guarantees his preeminence over all beings Signature weapon which was the Lightning Bolt Zeus Kataibates Zeus who descends Zeus is associated with the fudge (Crete, power, fertility) and the Eagle God of law and justice Dike- from the root to point out Xenia (Formal guest friendship) cf. Xenophobia As The founder of gods and men, Zeus is a figurative father who oversees all that occurs on earth and in the heaven. actual father to a large number of gods and heroes- famous for his numerous consorts and paramours. 114 at some counts.Sexual procreation as a metaphor for countrified production- rain semen, earth- the womb Famous story from IIiad associates Zeuss exploits and the egression of vegetation Aphrodites girdle/belt (a symbol of sexuality and sexual consent) & Heras use of it leads to grasses, flowers and plants springing from the earth on which they reclined. Hera Who sits on a gilt Throne Hera (Juno) Zeuss wife Marriage and child experience Mother of Ares (by Zeus), Eileithyia, Hebe(personification of youth) & Hephaestus (Crippled and made fun of ) (Two versions of parentage) Persecutes Zeuss mistresses and illegitimate children.Quarrels with Zeus incessantly Seduces Zeus to turn tide of the Trojan War Zeus remember when I strung you up Poseidon Dark-H behaviored Lord of the orphic God of the sea and earthquakes Associated with the horse (drowned in a pool to sacrifice to Poseidon) Produced Pegasus with the Gorgon medusa (grotesque offspring Polyphemus) Hades Plutos Wealthy One Name means invisible unseen dead and the facelessness of decease (Helm of invisilibty) neer impartingly allows anyone who comes to his mob to leave An immortal god but not an Olympian. Apollo Origin of Apollo unknown Lycian = Lycia (Asia Minor)?Or association with Hyperborean ( 3 Winters mos. In the remote north)= Nordic Origin? born(p) on Delos ( Floating island Heras persecution of Titaness Leto watery of day Artemis is his twin sister Depicted as a physically perfect young man and un-bearded and with long hair. God of music, aristocratic concerns and dead (later came to be associated with the sun) God of illness (arrows- Lord of mouse, they bring disease) and mend (Asclepius, his son was the god of medicine) God of prophecy scratch offed Python to establish his Oracle of Delphi (Dragon-combat cf. Marduk vs Tiamat and Zeus vs Typhoeus)- sham an.Known for his unhappy loves Daphine, Cassandra, Sibyl at Cumae, Coronis (Asclepius Mother) Hermes Psychompus Mercury (Soul guide, or the leader of the souls) God of travel, commerce, boundaries, theft and trickery (God that was worshipped from the thieves and bandits, and try to trick people) courier to the gods (Called quicksilver because he was fast) Important myths Births, Invention of Lyre( by killing and gutting a Tortoise), Killing of Argus (Monster with 100 hundreds, watcher of 1 of Zeuss lovers) Worshipped as a Herm at crossroads and even doorways Zeus had an affair with a star, and Hermes was born.Pan Son of Hermes Hoofs and legs of a goat with human features The gods name is likely from Indo-European root substance to break (cf Pasture) The inspiration for later representations of the devil Hephaetus, God of Smiths Lame metalworker god- highly skilled and ingenious 2 versions of his affinity Born from Hera unaccompanied (b/c of Athena) or son of Zeus and Hera 2 ver sions of expulsion from Olympus Zeus threw him off for taking Heras side in an argument(landed on Lemnos) or Hera threw him from Olympus in disgust (Hephaetus golden throne of revenge and his subsequent number to Olympus) Typhoeuss jailer in Mt.Etna Husband of Aphrodite (Ares & Aphrodite trapped in bed) Hateful Ares (God of War) Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena Sept 24 Aphrodite Of the Golden Daughty Goddess of Love Born from sea-foam (ophros)- Hesiod (Roman Venus Always accompanied by Eros (Winged boy with radical and arrows or flaming great mullein) Also Himmeros= desire and the Graces) Only Athena, Artemis and Hestia (Virgins for life, did not extremity to endeavor into Aphrodites powers) were immune to Aphrodites powers Not originally Greek (cf. Eastern fertility goddesses, Inanna, Ishstar, Astarte)- Cyprus (transit point) Cypris & Cythera.Cyprus is the doorway between the East and the west tabernacle prostitution (Corinth & Cythera) Important Myths Birth (theogony) Hermaphrod itus (fused with Nymph Salmacis, became both genders by fusing with him) Priapus (Dionysus or Hermes)- Boned Aphrodite & Ares-Boned Aphrodite & Anchises (Aeneas lone survivor of the Trojan War)-Boned Artemis Potnia Theron Mistress of Animals Not a Greek Name- earlier (possibly as far back as the paleolithic Period) Twin sister of Apollo (Roman Diana) Virgin goddess, but alluring (dangerous) Huntress (bow and arrows, deer) Struck by the arrows of Artemis.Scared animals include the bear (Braurania ritual and the Arktoi- little bear) Important Myths Iphigenia (Sacrifice) Daughter of the outstanding Greek general Niobe (Boast about having more kids than Leto) Leto imply Apollo and Artemis to honor Orion (constellation) tried to rape Artemis and Artemis put a scorpion on his head and he died. Actaeon (Human Sacrifice? ) Turned into a Stagg because he saying Artemis nude. Then Actaeons dogs killed him Athena Mistress of the City Takes her name from the city of Athens ( Not the other way near) Roman Minerva Associated with the owl (owl-eyed). lots represented with the helmet, shield and spear, wears the Aegis around her shoulders Goddess of war (justified, defensive, strategic) Goddess of domestic crafts ( in particular weaving) Important Myths Birth Contest with Poseidon BIRTH OF ERICHTHONIUS ( foremost KING OF ATHENS) HEPHATUS JIZZED ON genus AtheneS HIPS AND SHE wiped it off and she threw it off the ground on Athens and spawned the legendary king Erichthonius, he was snaky because he spawned in the earth Arachne (Athena false her in a spider) She weaved something that made fun of the gods. Athena slashed her face. She then committed suicide.Athena felt sorry for hersuicide and turned her into a spider September 26, 2013 Demeter Meter means mother, De- unknown meaning Greek Goddess most closely associated with the wide mother-goddess Goddess of grain and the harvest twaddle of Demeter and Persephone comes from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter Close associati on between the female, the underworld and the rotary nature of existence Demeters daughter by Zeus is Persephone, to a fault known as KoreDaughter or girl D. and P. are frequently called the two Demeters or the two goddesses.The rape of Persephone Persephone is taken to the underworld with Zeuss permission- cf.marriage in ancient Greece Persephone picked flowers as Hades arose from the depths to abduct her Only Hecate and Helius heard her cries Finally, Demeter heard her daughters cries and searched the entire earth for her Demeters Search Nobody mortal or immortal would tell Demeter what happened She wandered the earth for nine days with torches in her hands Refused to eat ambrosia or drink nectar and did not bathe Hecate finally told Demeter part of the story and then Helius filled in the rest In disguise, Demeter left Olympus and descended to the towns and cities of men whereshe eventually came to Eleusis (Town outside Athens, center of the Eleusinian Mysteries) The Eleusinian Mysteries At Eleusis, Demeter rested at the hale of the Maiden where she was approached by the daughters of Eleusis king Celeus They asked where she was from and offered her hospitality They hired Demeter as a nanny to their mother, Metaneiras child, Demophoon Lambe tries to entertain Demeter by sexual relation her dirty jokes Metaneira offered Demeter, Kykeon, as barley-drink Demeter tried to repay their kindness by making Demophoon immortal. (Demeter would take the foul up and put him in the fire, burning away his mortality).Eventually, Celeus decreed a historied temple be built in honor of Demeter. Tough generation for Humanity In anger over her daughters abduction, Demeter withdrew all agriculture from the earth Zeus demanded that Demeter relent but she refused. Zeus sent Hermes to Hades to convince him to release Persephone and he agreed (etiological myth re seasons). The expansive of Gilgamesh and paladinic Myth Oct 1 Legends are stories about stupendous humans doing e xceptional things which are said to narrate episodes from the human past- heroes.Heroes were dire or well-born, originally living and breathing people-Homeric kingsand warriors. Eventually these great undivideds came to be worshipped as powers dwelling beneath the earth The name of places of the individuals cult where they were worshipped, were called Heroa Heroa were often huge earthen mounds visible on the landscape for great distances eg Achilles at Troys Pelops at Olympia and Aeneas near Rome. The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Heroic Pattern Few ancient cultures produced chivalrous myths however the Mesopotamians and Greeks did The Epic of Gilgamesh greatly influenced later Greek heroic myth(movement of ideas from the East to West in Archaic period)Gilgamesh was a real man who rules the Sumerian City of Uruk c 2600 B. C. E (cuneiform lists of kings) evidence that heroes likely lived at one metre. This influence on Greek heroic myth is shown by shared motifs Shared Motifs One of the heros parents may be divine (eg Gilgamesh) but he is like all humans, destined to die. divine or unusual birth of which we know little (Part is missing from the Epic Gilgamesh) Hero is outstanding in his strength and is a menace to those around him, friend, and foe alike. Hero has a male fellow traveller (Enkidu created by the gods from carcass to temper Gilgameshs spirit)Hero falls under adversary power and is forced to complete impossible tasks (eg. Kills Humbaba) Taboo broken by hero, prankish price demanded (Enlil the storm-god was angry that Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed Humbaba) Hero resists the temptations of a dangerous woman (Ishtar asks her father Anu to send Bull of Heaven) Hero responsible for friends death (Enkidu dies after he and Gilgamesh kill Bull of Heaven cf. Patroclus & Achilles) Hero goes on a seeking to defeat death even traveling to the underworld (Gilgamesh travels across the waters of death to see Utnapushtim (cf. Ziusudra, Atrahasis, Noah, Deucall ion)Has help of gods, spirits, or magical objects (Gilgamesh magical stilts/poles) Hero returns home, atones for his misdeeds and accepts his mortality (after failing twice to give immortality- unable to stay awake for 7 days, loss of prickly herb at the bottom of the sea) Hero stipulation a great recognise (Gilgamesh honored by people of Uruk) Hero given a great funeral and may become a god (Gilgamesh given a fine funeral and his memory get out never die) Rationalism and Allegory THEAGENES (6TH CENTURY B. C. E) THEORIZED THAT BATTLES betwixt THE GODS REPRESENTED clashes between natural elements (e. g in the Lliad 20.54ff Apollo (representing fire) fights Poseidon (water)Cronus is identified with beat ( Cronos)- all things are begotten by time and devoured by it as well, just like Cronuss children. Because of this false etymology, we still envision Father of time as the grim-reaper (with sickle) on account of Cronuss castration of his father Another false-etymological exampl e stems of Hera sounding like the Latin word for air, Air lay just beneath the upper-atmosphere. Or aether ie. Jupiter/Zeus lays just about Juno/Hera. Historical Allegory Euhemerism myths reveals a historical truth (Euhermerus wrote of a golden columninscribed with the names with early human kings)The conflicts between Uranus, Cronus and Zeus were representative of palace intrigues During his reign Zeus travelled the earth teaching the arts of civilization, banning cannibalism, and founding temples. Died on Crete after a long life Gods may have been kings and heroes of real men who founded cities and did great deeds. Moral Allegory The interpretation that a myth is a system of advice on good and bad behavior Eg. Daphine was an example of chastity and Harpies who steal mens food are really prostitutes who ruin men with their fees.When Paris gives his famous judgment, he is really choosing between 3 kinds of life active (Hera), contemplative (Athena), amorous (Aphrodite) which all men must choose. Perseus and the Myths of the Argive Plain Rich Bronze Age area Tiryns- Perseus was the king of Tiryns when he founded Mycenae Argos not important in the Bronze Age, but is often confused in the myth with the Mycenae which was The Wanderings of Io The River god Inachus and Melia- parents of Io Io ancestor of 3 great dynasties the houses of Argos, Crete & Thebes Zeuss passion and Heras jealousy (spots mysterious clouds)The affright, Hera took her and takes the cow puts a monster to watch her, so Zeus doesnt see her again Argus (Hundred Eyes) Hermes (Argeiphontes Killer of Argus) Ionian Sea, Byzantium- the Bosporus cow-missing, the Caucasus Mountains(Meets Prometheus things will get better), Egypt (Regains human form) Gives birth to Epaphus he who has been touched Crimes of the Danaids Epaphus + Memphis (name of the ancient Egyptian capital, daughter of the Nilus the Nile River)= Libya (country west of the Nile river in North Africa) Libya + Poseidon are parents of Agen or (Ancestor to the houses of Crete and Thebes)(Arabia)Belus (ancestor of Perseus & Royal house of Argo, means lord in Semitic language)(Libya) Crimes of the Danaids Aegyptus has 50 sons Danaus has 50 daughters= the Danaids They aviate to Argos to prevent proposed marriages (feared a takeover of Libya) The sons of Aegyptus eventually marry to Danaids. (Danaus gives all his daughters daggers to kill every husband) Only Hypermnestra spared her husband Lynceus- all but one motif All the daughters/Sisters were doomed on the underworld, they had to fill a jar that would never fill The Legends of Perseus Danae and the Shower of Gold Lynceus (the one sparred) in Argos after Danaus.His sons Abas has parallel ( hate each other-quarreled in womb cf. Jacob & Esau and Isis, Osiris & Seth) Acrisius has a daughter, Danae but wants sons (Heirs) Oracles say that Danae will have a son, but that he will kill his grandfather (Acrisius) (Forbidden to Marry- prohibition) Acrisius builds underground br onze chamber to imprison Danae (folktake Seclusion) Zeus shower of gold impregnates her (Folktale motif violation of prohibition. Heroic motif queer birth) Perseus and Danae set adrift in a wooden box (folktake motif threat of death) Dictys (netman) at Seriphos saves Danae and Perseus (folktale motif liberation).Dictys brother Polydectes (much-receiver, the king of Seriphos) demands Danaes hand in marriage Perseus tricked into going on a quest for the head of a Gorgon he had no horse as a wedding gift for Polydecates- Perseus boasts I will bring anything, else Polydecates wants, even a Gorgons head (Heroic motif hero falls under enemy power and is forces to complete impossible tasks) Perseus, the Gorgon Slayer Gorgons Stheno Euryale Medusa (The yet mortal Gorgon) Instructions from Athena find the Graeae grey-haired women and learn whereabouts of encouraging Nymphs (grabs eye, demands answers where are they).Perseus receives magical objects from the Nymphs Hades cap of invisibili ty, go sandals special pouch. Hermes too provides a sword and a polished bronze shield (Heroic motif has the help of the gods, spirits, or magical objects) The killing of Medusa Uses shield as a mirror to avoid the gaze of the Gorgons, sneaks up on Medusa and cuts off her head From the body of Medusa, who was at the time pregnant by Poseidon Pegasus (Later tamed by Bellerophon) Chrysaor Puts his head in pouch, flies off with winged sandals with the Stheno and Euryale in pursuit (cant see him with the cap of invisibility).Perseus frees his mother by showing the Medusas head to Polydecates Perseus and Andromeda A variant has Perseus returning to Seriphos after a few adventures Came to Joppa (near Modern Tel Aviv) ruled by Cepheus Cepheuss daughter, Andromeda, is about to be sacrificed to a sea monster, because of a rash boast by her mother, Cassiopeia (more beautiful than the Nereids) Perseus given Andromedas hand in marriage and the kingdom for having freed her Phineus (Cepheuss br other) to whom Andromeda has been betrothed, bursts in a banquet in Honor of Perseus and is turned into stone with his men by the head of Medusa.Perseus stays in the East for a year and gives birth to Perses, ancestor to the Persian people. The Death of Acrisius absentminded to meet his grandfather Perseus returns to Argos Acrisius flees (it is fated that Perseus will kill him) At a sports contest in Thessaly, Perseus accidentally kills him with a stray discus (Motif heroes can be a threat to civil society, even without meaning harm) hangdog to receive the kingdom from his death grandfather, Perseus trades Argos for Tiryns with Megapenthes (cousin) Perseus also builds Mycenae (rules, begets dynasty) and lives there with Andromeda formany years.At their deaths, Athena placed them among the stars as constellations, remembered forever. Heracles Oct 8 Herakles Alexikakos (Wards off evil) conceal origins- Argive plain? (Eurystheus) or Thebes? (Birth place). Belong to all Greeks Associ ated with an earlier time club, bow & arrows Excessive (Heroic) Shaman figure- Master of Animals provided food and protection to his people Heraclids (Dorians/Spartans) Perseuss granddaughter is Alcmena, wife of Amphitryon While Amphitryon (Hs stepdad) was off fighting pirates, Zeus disguised himself as Amphitryon.As Zeus leaves, the real Amphitryon appears In his way, Alcmena gave birth to a child of Zeus (Herakles) and of Amphitryon (Iphicles) HERA IS NOT HAPPY (TRICKS ZEUS INTO sworn statement HIS 1ST OFFSPRING BORN THAT DAY WOULD RULE. Heras delay tactics- Eurystheus (Perseuss descendent, Heracles cousin) born before Herakles. Received an aristocratic education (wrestling, archery, warfare, compete lyre Kills Linus for telling Herakles that he is bad at playing the lyre (poor linus) Herakles sent away to tend cattle in the mountains cf. cattle of Geryon- Herakles as master of animals.Hunted a lion (Ravaging flocks) for king Thespius of Thespaie by day, stayed at his house by night (50 daughters-Heraclids, sons of Heracles, founded the noble family of the Spartans) Herakles marries Megara daughter of Creon (King of Thebes) and has 3 children Goes mad and kills his family (driven crackers by Hera he believes that they are his enemies) Went to Delphi to learn what he must do to atone for his crime- must leave Thebes, go to Argive plain serve Eurystheus (Herakles cousin, king of Mycenae) 12 Labors Miasma is that his blood is tainted and his blood his contagious.( blood guilt) Must be purified by a God. 12 LABORS. 1ST LABOR, FACES A MONSTROUS LION SKIN THAT IS IMPENETRABLE. NEMEAN LION. Wrestles with the lion and kills him. Uses the lions claws to skin the lion. Wears the skin 2ND HERAKLE SLAYS THE HYDRA (OFFSPRING OF TYPHEOUS GAEA) connatural SITUATION WHERE THEY overcome the older generation. Herakle has help from his nephew, kills the Hydra by having his nephew torch the heads of which he cuts off, so they do not grow back. Hydras blood is poisonous, ar rows dipped in it.3RD HERAKLES AND ATHENA WAS TO CAPTURE THE well-disposed HIND OF CERYNEIA WHO IS SCARED TOArtemis. By taking the stag when it was asleep. Told Artemis on the way back that he had to. 4TH TOLD TO RETRIEVE THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTA FROM THE AMAZONS. IT IS TO EXERT knowledgeable dominances. 5TH HERAKLES TOLD TO BRING THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR TO EURYSETHUS WHO HIDES IN PITHOS.(Eurysethus is scared and builds himself a jar to hide from) 6th Mares of Diomedes 4 man eating horses who were owned by Diomedes. In the end he fed Diomedes to his mares because the mares kill his favored companion Abderus 7TH TRIPLE BODY GERYAN, THE CATTLES WHERE HE KILLED GERYAN AND HIS fellow WHO GUARDED the cattle.Eurytheus sacrificed the cattle to Hera. 8TH APPLES OF HESPERIDES (WEDDING GIVES TO HERA WHEN SHE MARRIED ZEUS) THESE APPLES ARE immortal. They are heavy(a) on the edge of the world. Atlas taunts Herakles with the Apples of the Hesperides. Herakles took the world on his shoulder. Atla s gets the apples, Herakles trick Atlas by telling Atlas to hold the world while Herakles adjust his neck. Atlas takes the world, and Herakle takes the apples from him. 9TH CERBERUS IS HADES HOUND OF HELL. HE MAKE SURE YOU neer LEAVE HELL. DRAGS BACK THE hounds of hell 10TH AUGEAN STABLES CLEANSES THE AUGEAN.IT IS A full-grown STABLE, STABLE OF 1000 DIVINE CATTLES that poop a lot. Re-routed a couple of rivers and flush the stables out. 11TH HERCULES WAS TO DRIVE AWAY AN huge FLOCK OF BIRDS WHICH GATHERED AT A LAKE NEAR the town of Stymphalos. Hercules had no idea how to drive the huge gathering of birds away.The goddess Athena came to his aid, providing a pas de deux of bronze krotala, noisemaking clappers similar to castanets. These were no ordinary noisemakers. They had been made by an immortal craftsman, Hephaistos, the god of the forge. 12TH LABOR HERCULES EASILY DISPOSED OF THE CRETAN diddley. BRINGS THE BULL BACK TO EURYTHEUS.King Midas was to sacrifice whatever animal th at the Poseidon sent. The god sent a hoot so beautiful that he couldnt. Made the bull rampage all over Crete and made Midass wife fall in love with it, making the Minotaur. He put the Minotaur in the labyrinths, feeds him with the prisoners of Athens. After the Labors Wished to merry Lole, daughter of Eurytus, a local king. He refused remembering Megaras fate Eurytus discovers 12 prize mares missing, sends Son to principal Herakles- son is killed (violate of Xenia) Herakles goes to Delphi to find out how to atone for crimes, Pythia refuses to respond.Herakle steals tripod runs off and boasts that he will establish his own oracle Apollo prescribe 3 years as a womans slave (Omphale the Lydian queen) Afterwards marries Deianaira man slayer Tricked by the centaur Nessus told that his blood and semen would make potent love potion to use on Heracles. The blood is poisoned by the Hydra blood used to kill him Undergoes Apotheosis (became a god of Olympus) after his mortal self is killed by the poison Hercale marries Hebe (personification of youth) after ascending to Olympus Oct 10 Athens and Theseus.

One-Student-One Sports Essay

The 1Student 1Sport was launched by Education Minister in the course of study of 2011 to all the grooms in Malaysia. It was stated in the circular dated 1 December 2010 from the Ministry of Education of Malaysia. The 1Student 1Sport policy makes it compulsory for students to participate industriously in at least one sports activity in the school. It was established to enable every student to have the access to the benefits of participating in sports, in particular for students who are less or not active. It is to encourage students to gain a healthy and active lifestyle.Each student is required to be actively involved by participating in the schools sports activity throughout the year. It is also to provide the opportunity to students with talent and latent to be developed further in their sports carrier. But for student with low health condition can be exempted from this policy. Objective of 1Student 1Sport. The objective of 1student 1sport is to ontogeny physical fitness, to develop students characters, self-esteem discipline and moral values. Students will consecrate healthy lifestyle and also be able to perform excellence in their academic and sport.It is also to foster racial unity among the students. The or so important task is to fulfil school shaverrens natural parity for physical activities and provide balances between their academic and physical needs. For students with passion in sports, this is their opportunity for them to show their excellence and performance. The benefits. It is no doubt that this programme is serviceable for students. Nowadays children, they are less form even in school or home. They are keen to sit in front of video and playing computer games.Theyre also no interest of cycling, continue or even tending. Children those days are more active such(prenominal) as playing football or badminton, fostering their parents in the garden and even often played hide and seek. Their everyday activities required them to rem ove and their physical fitness is fit as a fiddle. Exercise is technical for everyone, no matter what age they are. Regular do work for children can help them to maintain their weight and keep the body systems healthy and strong. Good behave habits are just as beneficial to children as to adults.According to the declare and research from the health ministry, 30 percent of children between the ages of 6 and 17 did their exercise daily, yet are not as physically active as they should be. Good habits can start at home, but it moldiness continue throughout the childs life for continued approximate healthy lifestyle. Parents and teachers are the good role model to help these children exercise and make sure they are healthy. Children that participate in daily exercise are less to become overweight, they are maintain strong get up and muscles.They are also less likely to develop chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and cancer. The ch ilds overall well-being, are the kids that are physically active routinely always higher self-esteem, less stress and they perform better in school. If the children play a team sport to fulfil their suggested exercise requirements, they may also have a head start on growing the interpersonal skills that theyll carry with them throughout the life.

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy Essay

Community policing is, in essence, a collaboration between the natural law and the confederacy that identifies and solves community problems (U. S. Department of Justice, 1994, p. vii). Throughout the years, community policing has become a to a greater extent popular strategy to dish out righteousnessfulness enforcement officials control and deter offence however, some areas across the United States has had problems in the past with communities and virtue enforcement cultivateings together to ensure a secure and safe environment.Although it is an officers duty to maintain order, keep the peace, and solve problems indoors the area he or she is patrolling, it is also requisite for the people of the community to come together to serving observe disgust. Everyone wants to feel safe in his or her locating of dwelling and know that he or she has individuals who will serve and encourage the area. Ergo, when problems occur between law enforcement and communities, the citize ns develop a stigma against law officials and do non want to sponsor solve or prevent criminal acts.On the other side, when law enforcement officials develop a peremptory rapport with the community, the citizens are much likely to come forward to help solve crimes or problems that evolve within the neighborhood. Community policing is a necessary plan to subscribe within a community and mevery neighborhoods have comprehended these programs. The sugar Police Department is one metropolis that knew a community-based program was a necessity to solve criminal problems within the neighborhoods of the city.In 1993, the Chicago Police Department implemented the Chicago substitute(a) Policing outline (CAPS), which is a community-based program that helps solves neighborhood crime problems with the collaboration of community members and law enforcement officials. According to Office of Justice Programs (n. d. ), The program began in five policing zones only expanded to encompass th e entire city of Chicago after a testing phase. Program development taked the collaborative efforts of each districts commanders, senior department executives, and ivilian excogitateners (para. 4). The underlying goal for CAPS is to solve problems within a community instead of reacting to their symptomatic consequences. This program has a five-step bear upon for police officers to follow to ensure that the community and law enforcement agency whole kit together to control crime.For this program to work effectively, one must reveal and prioritize the problem at hand, analyze the situation, organize a plan to handle the problem, implement a strategy, and evaluate the answer (Office of Justice Programs, n. . ). If the outcome is not effective, changes are set in place to correct the misinterpretation and move forward by working together as a police squad to solve prox problems that may arise. Furthermore, the CAPS program has an assortment of tactics, which include officers wh o patrol the neighborhoods, community meetings that involve the residents and law enforcement officials, training programs for both parties, city services, and technology to help identify the criminal hot spots in the area (Chicago Police Department, 2008).This program allows the officers to continue to patrol and handle their chance(a) duties as well as work together with the community and other city officials to fight crime in one of the most ill-famed criminal cities in the United States. The Chicago Police Department industrial plant in teams for this program to be effective. One team will support on the community and preventing crime, whereas the other team will handle the overturn priority issues as well as respond to calls.The program splits the law enforcement officials into teams, which are step officers, rapid response officers, and other city agencies. The worst officers patrol a certain area for at least a year, which allows each officer to know the neighborhood a s well as the residents. This allows the officers and the residents to form a stay put with one another and build corporate trust between both parties, which allows them to work together as a team to monitor, strategize, and solve problems within the community.The rapid response officers assist the beat officers on emergency calls as well as back up the beat officers while they are in their community meetings. Undercover and gang officers help the beat officers on solving crimes and detaining suspects. With the collaboration between the law enforcement teams and the citizens the Chicago secondary Policing Strategy and proven to be a successful branch to fight crime. In addition, the success that has come from the implementation of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy only hows that in the future it will become more successful.This program has helped improve the residents confidence that the police are there to help combat crime, to ensure the community is a safe place to hav e a go at it as well as a reduction in major(ip) crimes. Evaluations of the alternative policing strategy in Chicago show that from 1993 to 2002, the fear of crime went down by 20% among groups most fearful of crime and exploitation (University of Ottawa, n. d. , p. 1).This is only one benefit that has come about from this program, so with the bond between law enforcement and residents of the communities becoming stronger daily, this program has a bright future on helping prevent and deter crime. Although many neighborhoods adopt community-policing programs, not all are successful in controlling crime. Some communities adopt these programs believing that it will evolve into a successful program were police and residents work together however, not all programs are effective.For a program to be successful, each party, such as law enforcement officials and residents must work collaboratively through the entire process, which is to identify, implement, and resolve the issues at hand (C hicago Police Department, 2008). Community-based programs are constantly developing throughout the nation and with communities, adopting programs like the Chicago Alternative Program Strategy, community policing has the potential to be successful in any city or state.

Tomorrow when the war began Essay

In the impudent Tomorrow when the state of war began, the characters experience various diversenesss and transformations. These changes occur when the distinct characters experience life threatening situations and environmental change. The characters have to adapt, think and perform differently. The changes that occur involve the themes of leadership, war and love. extirpate-to-end the novel, John Marsden shows change in Ellie. In the rootage Ellie is a c arfree but unverbalized on the job(p) girl and known as a bit of a tomboy.As the war begins she realizes she needs to grow up and mature quickly. Ellie went camping with her friends in Hell and was not worried or expecting anything. This is how Ellie was cargonfree in the beginning. Ellie became strategical when she saw what was incuring at the show grounds by delegate people to certain jobs and roles. At the show grounds Ellie says, I snarl then, and still feel now, that I was transformed by those four steps.At that mo ment I stopped being an innocent rural teenager and started becoming some integrity else, a more complicated and capable person. A force to be reckoned with not just a polite gentle kid. This quote shows us that this was the good turn point where Ellie experienced study change and started thought rationally. She developed and showed leadership. In the novel, the characters had n ever so faced a war situation they did not know what to do or how to react. As the novel progresses, the characters strategies change, as does their perspective on war.A month ago we were add up teenagers now were soldiers, we wont run, we wont hide, well commove and keep tuging, and never give up, until this war is finally won. This quote by Ellie shows courage, strength and maturity. Throughout the text there many important references that tinct to war countries now, where homes argon being invaded and teenagers and even adults have to, start thinking like soldiers. This quote was said by Ellie and it again shows maturity and her realising that if they ever want to see their family again, they be going to have to fight and spell their town.Chris falls asleep while keeping watch and Ellie freaks out, this is an important turning point in the text, this is when the teens really realise that this is war and they must fight if they are to survive. This is how the characters perspective of war changes and how the theme of war is explored in the novel. Throughout the text John Marsden describes relationships of love, friendship and hatred. Love is shown through the relationship that exists mingled with home run and Fi. In the text the teenagers are playing in the piddle and kor gets distracted by looking at Fi.In the beginning Homer is immature, a loud mouth, disrespectful, a troublemaker, wild, crazy and many otherwises When Homer meets Fi and falls in love with her, John Marsden shows a change in Homer to one of thoughtfulness, maturity, bravery and he shows emotion and compassion in Homer. This is how love is shown amidst Homer and Fi. The text explores the theme of friendship between all of the teenagers. When they have to fight and look out for each other they form a strong bond, they are like family to each other.At that age you think boys have as much personality as coat hangers and, you dont notice their looks. Then you grow up. This quote means girls may not like boys, for example Robyn and Homer are completely different. Robyn is a very polite and religious person and Homer is a bit of a wild pig, but in the end of the text the characters change, they look out for each other like they are family. Hatred is also described in the text when group of teens are fighting against the army and Corrie gets shot. The teenagers then feel hatred towards the soldiers because one of their closest friends could die.This is how the relationships change between the characters. The novel discusses and how tough war is and how hard others would fight for e ach other. Throughout the text we see how towns are invaded and families are torn apart, in some countries like Afghanistan for example, things like this still happen and it needs to stop Leadership, war and love are some major themes that are described in Tomorrow when the war began. This text tells us to be courageous and if anything like this ever happened in Australia we would need to twist together to survive.

Generals Die in Bed †Plot Essay

When he thought war contained glory and glamour, he finds himself wrong when his comrades start to die, beginning with Brown. A while later, he is emotionally affected when he kills a German with his bayonet. His emotional status worsens when other of his friend dies. The narrator then goes on leave for 10 long time in England, where a prostitute makes him forget about the war. When he comes back, an begin to raid the Germans takes place where the rest of his friends, except Broadbent dies.The general tells the new team that the Germans sank a hospital ship, and organizes another raid, this time to kill everyone. The narrator has injure his foot, and discover that Broadbent was mortally wounded too. Broadbents leg is hanging by a string of flesh, but then dies by blood loss. thusly the war is over. The recruits are told that the general lied, the Germans didnt sink a hospital ship. It was a ship filled with weapons. He then realizes war is fundamentally a chess game for the gen erals, and the soldiers are just young boys, listening to the orders, with meaningless ideals Wikipedia

International Trade and Tariff Essay

Tariffs Explain the mingled impacts of an spell tariff in thin estates vs. large nations. The impact of an signification tariff in a small nation is entirely different then an import tariff from a larger nation. When smaller nations imposes a tariff, it does not affect world prices, however the price of the importable commodity forget start to rise, usually by the amount of the tariff for manufacturers and guile in the small nation. When large nations impose a tariff, it will reduce the hoi polloi of trade. Large nation tariffs excessively improve terms of the nations trade. Since the volume of trade is being reduced, it tends to lesson the nations welf ar.However it also can improve the nations welf atomic subdue 18. It depends on the welf ar of the nation to if it actually rises or falls depending on the two conflicting forces. What are the three main reasons regimens prefer using a tariff to cut back imports versus quotas? A few reasons why tariffs are better option than import quotas is because, tariffs can gene evaluate revenue for the Government, import quotas can lead to administrative corruption, and import quotas can cause smuggling. The reason the giving medication can check money off of tariffs is because there can be a dower put on imported entires that will generate extra money. there are millions of different things that are imported into a country and the small percentage of tariffs generates a lot of revenue that would be lost of the government unless their trade had an authorizing fee on goods being imported. This can lead to administrative corruption, if there are no restrictions on import goods then the government has the ability to pick and choose who can import and who cannot. This can give the custom officials a lot of power since they would yield the ability to elevate and only allow certain corporations. Tariff system helps to rid the possible action of corruptions.This not just the price, but also the quantity sold by dint of supply and demand. Smuggling can occur with an import quota when there are large shortages. A tariff cannot provide a set human action on the goods or products that are coming into the country so the number of imports will increase when the demand for it goes up. Should our government use a faded horse exchange rate policy to gift imports more than dear(predicate) in order to help our exporters? The weakening of the U. S. dollar means that the dollar has fallen in value compared other currency. The weak dollar is good for exports, but not good for importers.The value of currency will belittle when the demand for that specific currency is low, which will make importing goods more expensive. A weak dollar can make things difficult for exporters that are selling to the United States. If a foreign company wants to sell goods to the U. S. it any needs to up the price of the product or sell it at a lower price because of the exchange rate. What roles do the IMF and WT O play in trade and the use of tariffs? The IMF or Inter discipline Monetary Fun is an globular business of countries that strives to guarantee the patience of the worldwide financial and economic system.The IMF tries to make sure that there is balanced growth to international trade, it promotes exchange constancy and helps to give countries a way to balance payment issues. Tariff rate data comes from the IMF database and the countrys authority figures. The WTO or World craftiness Organization is a global company that works on the rules of trade between two countries. It helps to ensure that international trade moves smoothly and generously. It also gives countries a helpful and just outlet for dealing with arguments over importing issues.The WTO regulations permit a nation to defend certain businesses if the elimination of tariffs would have detrimental side effects, such as the loss of necessary national trade.

Film Review Brazil (1985) by Terry Gilliam Essay

Brazil is set in a dystopian future, where society is closely monitored and its freedoms infringed upon by the Ministry of Information. The film is a humorous procession to the dystopia genre, which isnt surprising given that the film is directed and co-written by terrycloth Gilliam (the creator of Monty Python). The film is the story of Sam Lowry, who has a boring bread and butter working for the Ministry of Information until it changes through a strange events, which shows us ministry as a bureaucratic jail.The sets, costumes and props in Brazil create a dazzling and interesting world to see. The film features colourful and fantastic ambitiousness sequences which provide an escape from Sams dull life. Despite the repose of the main plot, the movie is full of subtexts and images carrying a message which you whitethorn non see them on the first viewing. In one scene, a composition is buying clean air from a v destination machine on the street. The sides of the streets are wall s of billboards which keeps the environment hidden from peoples eyes.In a holiday-decorated store a small child tells Santa she wants a credit shake as a present for Christmas. The film is much more difficult, this may turn some people off. Makers had so many things to say in one movie. First of all this is a film about systems rupture down a dead fly drops into a printer, causing a typographical error which leads to a mans death penalty (Just because of misprint ) heating systems break down, and they cannot repair them because the support system is overstretched. It is also a film about systems destroying humanity.With everyone having their own defined role in the titan system that control every part of the life, zero has to take individualized responsibility for common problems mistakes are almost somebody elses problem, and nobody really feels they have do something to change the situation. Brazil is simply distant anything you have ever seen before. The ending to the film is particularly powerful, with Gilliam offering us a typical happily-ever-after ending, and then breaking in the final seconds. after(prenominal) all, in such a dystopian society, a happy ending is not only unlikely, but it is near impossible.

Juveniles Tried as Adults Essay

In the United States, any one and only(a) who is charged for committing a nuisance before the day of their 18th birthday is considered a young and depending on the severity of the case sh altogether be tried as a puerile. on that point be some cases however, where the juvenile evaluator system should be harder on the juvenile, entirely in most cases they should not go to an full-grown prison. at that place atomic number 18 most certainly some cases in which the juvenile should hardihood the bighearted reasonableice system, but for petty instances, a juvenile act will suffice. I find it hard to agree that a juvenile convicted for crimes dealing with drugs, alcohol, traffic violations, etc. should be tried in an handsome court to receive punishment however, I do guess that soulfulness who commits rape, murder, kidnapping, or any other major crimes of the sort should be taken to an fully grown court. Old enough to do the crime, old enough to do the meter, is a quote I remember hearing as I was growing up, but I was not taught that it applied to small or minor crimes, but often serious ones involving the harming of another individual. Placing juveniles in enceinte prisons plunder cause them to be put in danger, when in realism many of them can be fixed through the juvenile justice system. youthful offenders sometimes commit crimes that argon equal to or of higher(prenominal) quality than those of adults however, punishing them as adults in adult prisons will do no justice they are less sufficient to stand trial, adult prisons can harm them mentally, physically, and emotionally, and they more often than not choose the actions they do because of someone who is of influence to them.Juvenile offenders are often less competent than adults to stand trial making it ineffective to sentence them as if they were adults. Juvenile offenders are divisionified as childish, infantile, and young, according to dictionary.com. Some studies have examined th e dread that youths have on trial procedures and the overall basic knowledge of trials (Grisso et al). During these studies they put together that there was no compassion to the basic knowledge of trials and trial procedures to that of adults. iodin study conducted showed that 55% of the juveniles they interviewed could not accurately describe what the Miranda laws meant when read to them boot out the section that says, you have the right to remain silent, according to the National kernel of Juvenile Justice.The National Center of Juvenile Justice also utter that, juveniles from the periods of 11-15 are truly incompetent and that 16-24 yearolds have similar levels of competence. The juveniles who are younger, or in the 11-15 range, are less likely to understand the risks and consequences of the adult justice system, and therefore may not benefit from it. They also let weaker decision-making skills. Since they lack decision-making skills, they are more likely to gear up po or decisions when committing crimes, but also when agreeing to sentencing or plea agreements, leading them to an dirty trial because of the unfair advantages that justice system would have over them. Adult prisons are really harmful to ones mental, physical, and emotional capabilities especially when they are juvenile. cosmos placed in an adult prison can make them nonimmune to sexual harassment, physical harassment, and psychological harassment from other inmates. They could also verbalism longer, rougher sentences than they would have if they would have stayed in the juvenile system. A study that was through on 946 juveniles found that 87% of them faced longer sentences than they would have if they had stayed in a juvenile justice system, according to Mulvey and Schubert. In 2005, 21% of all inmates that were sexually victimized by another inmate were under the age of 18, states Mulvey and Schubert.The risk of a juvenile being physically abused in an adult prison is much high er than that of an adult in the alike system because juveniles are easier targets and less likely to create a struggle. Doing the time for doing the crime might be seen as fair, but doing much worse time because the crime was done while an adolescent seems to tip the repose beyond even-handed justice (Mulvey et al 846). Adult prisons also have a different effect on juveniles than they do on adults when it comes to their development since juveniles are receiving the punishment they are at a younger age it can cause problems for them in the future. According to Mulvey and Schubert, Adolescents in the adult system may be at risk for disruptions in their personal development, identity composition, relationships, learning, harvesting in skills and competencies, and positive movement into adult status. Identity formation is just one of the aspects in which their development can be affected. Identity formation is when you find out who you are as a person, this is often ascertained thr ough learning from your parents, friends, peers, etc., but when you are placed in a facility like an adult prison you are surrounded by volume who have all committed a crime and are bad influences to you and cause you to create your true self around that face of behavior.Juveniles in the adult systems also lose great opportunities such as their superpower to learn about all aspects of life and the responsibilities and goals they should have. They are alternatively learning about the inside of a prison, jail, etc. Being in these facilities causes juveniles to miss out on learning the responsibility of a job, school, family, values, goals, conclusion qualities in someone that could be a potential spouse, making refreshful friends who could be positive influences, and a. All of these statistics prove that adult prisons are very harmful to juveniles, especially mentally, physically, and emotionally. It is also often found that juveniles will make the choices they do base upon the choices they watched their close peers make or just the types of people they are surrounded by in general which shows that they are fleeceable and very easily influenced. It is hard to prove that most, or all, of juveniles have a full understanding of the justice system and the courts, making it difficult to believe that they should be tried as adults in this system. Many juveniles have the ability to change their behavior through the programs that we have specifically for them not through adult prisons. A child who comes from a broken cornerstone, or a home without both parents, a family that is part of the lower class, or from a family that is rather large in size have been found to be the majority of juveniles facing time in juvenile or adult systems.Families who are large in size and of a lower class often find that the children are more likely to grow up without any values or goals because they are often left home alone or there is at least less supervision over each individu al child, therefore causing them to be lessened and sometimes wanting to inflict pain upon someone or something in hopes to make themselves feel better. Family relationships, duties, responsibilities and privileges, and the amount of arrest exercised over children all romp roles in forming character and influencing behavior. The attitudes and actions of parents can create an important influence in the lives of children. Families in crisis will most likely affect the behavior of juveniles. If one member of a family becomes sick, schizophrenic, or alcoholic, a child may react based on the familys structural problems, according to Joseph Wickliffe. Families who contain an unsettled parent(s) can create a child that is more likely to be disobedient, especially if the way the rules are portrayed is too aggressive, too passive, or just unclear. According to a study that Joseph Wickliffe talksabout, It was discovered that 4.1 portion of fathers were found to use sound discipline prac tices 26.7 percent, fair and 69.3 percent, unsound. Sound concordant and firm control but not so strict as to arouse fear and antagonism, fair control which is indefinite sometimes strict, sometimes lax, and unsound extremely lax or extremely rigid control by the parents, which, on the one hand, gives unrestrained freedom of action and, on the other hand, restricts to the point of rebellion. Juveniles are also prone to make decisions based off of what the people with authority want, for instance, they are more likely to knowledge or accept a plea agreement if their lawyer is vocalizing them that they should do so. After learning of all of the negative consequences that come with placing a juvenile in the adult courts and/or prisons, I have cogitate that for most cases a juvenile should be processed through the juvenile system and take the punishment given there.

DNA the Master Code for All Living Things

Bacteria, zebras, mosquitoes, anacondas, essentially all living things have angiotensin converting enzyme thing in common which serves them what they argon. It is deoxyribonucleic blistering. It is one of the superlative biological discoveries in the history of mankind. It is not only related to biology but is tied(p) to the study of chemistry as well be set of the convoluted molecular organize. desoxyribonucleic acid is short for the whit deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA or ribonucleic acid is an new(prenominal) nucleic acid derived from desoxyribonucleic acid and accustomd as a template to sword proteins, the reaping of the genic code.In an article, What is deoxyribonucleic acid? written by throng Randerson, desoxyribonucleic acid is described as, he master code for life the instruction nurse that each organismnessness uses to run its body and govern its behavior, a have got that each creature hands on to its offspring, either in lavish or in part. In other words i t describes how at time not the whole book (desoxyribonucleic acid) is passed down from p arnt to progeny. A overprotect and mother both contribute their deoxyribonucleic acid making the son convertible but not identical to his father and mother. Also, because desoxyribonucleic acid stores all genetic data including dioceanses, which can be passed down from generation to generation. These diseases atomic number 18 the incumbrance of a mutation in the DNA structure.In 1868, a Swiss physician and biologist extracted a phosphorus containing substance. He called it nuclein because he gear up it in the nuclei of several kiosks. He managed to extract this substance from discarded surgical bandages, specifically by examining the pus cells (pus cells are white blood cells). jam Watson, an American geneticist, and Francis Crick, a British physicist studying in the University of Cambridge, began examining x-ray images do by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In 1953, James and Francis constructed the first three-dimensional model of the DNA structure.The model showed all nitrogen-bearing bases, pentoses (sugar), and orthophosphate groups. Several years later, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Before the three-dimensional model, Erwin Chargaff discovered a pattern between the base agrees. He discovered that the amount of type A is the same amount of thymine. the same is true for the other base braces guanine and cytosine. Chargaffs disco rattling led him to understand the basic wedlock rules. You might wonder what makes our DNA divers(prenominal) from the DNA of a sheep, sea urchin, or a turtle.Based on the studies of Chargaff and the rest of his colleagues at capital of South Carolina University, the four nitrogenous bases occur in diverse ratios in the DNAs of different organisms and that the bases have a numerical relationship. For modeling, The base composition (mol percentage ) of Homo sapiens is 30. 9 % adenine, 19. 9% guanine, 19. 8% cytosine, and 29. 4% thymine. This shows that Chargaffs study was very helpful for James Watson and Francis Cricks three-dimensional model of a DNA molecule. I chose to research DNA because it is a very provoke topic to discuss.It makes me who I am, my hair, eye, and skin color, my height and weight, overall health, metabolism, etc. I find both biology and chemistry my favorite subjects and DNA because it is a key molecuel that defines health. In the future I plan to become a M. D. (Medical Doctor). I will definitely have to be familiar with this molecule and what DNA sequences mean in case I needed to advert a patient with a certain genetic disease. By examining his or her genetic code I could determine possible diseases. I actually enjoy whatever type of problem solving. I could utilize this experience to explore disease in my own family, specifically my dads stead.From my grandfather to my own father and uncles, e veryone has minor cardiovascular diseases caused by high-pitched cholesterol. I want to discover what mutation in my familys DNA that causes this condition and develop treatments to improve their health. DNA molecules are located in the nucleus of a cell. When they are tightly packed together they are known as chromosomes. The structure of DNA is very complicated. DNA is a echo helix molecule. The structure looks deal a twisted play. A double helix is the molecular structure created from double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids held together by hy drogen hold fast between nucleotides.Nucleotides contain three characteristic components (1) a nitrogenous base, (2) a pentose (sugar), and (3) phosphate group. Four nitrogenous bases make up DNAs support of the double helix adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). These bases are shatter into two groups. (A) and (G) are in the purine base group and (C) and (T) are in the pyrimidine base groups. In the structure of DNA base pairs are make between the four bases. A base pair is when two nitrogenous bases (a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa) are linked by feeble hydrogen bonds.Adenine (A) and thymine (T) form a base pair and guanine (G) and cytosine C) form a base pair. In the structure of DNA (A) and (T) are held together by two hydrogen bonds, epoch (C) and (G) are held together by three hydrogen bonds. The next components of DNA form the backbone of the two spiraling strands. The backbones consist of alternating phosphate and pentose (sugar). Two kinds of pentoses are found in nucleic acids, deoxyribose and ribose. Deoxyribose is basically the same as ribose but it has one less oxygen atom in its structure. The phosphate group is machine-accessible to the pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) on the backbone of the DNA structure.They are both held together by covalent bonds. The pentose is in any case connected to the nitrogenous base. When a pentose (sugar) and a base combine it is called a nucleoside. An example of a nucleoside, is when the base thymine bonds with the pentose (sugar) deoxyribose, deoxythymidine forms. The nucleoside then combines with the phosphate to make the nucleoside a nucleotide. In the article How DNA Works, Craig Freudenrich explains how the hydrogen bonds between phosphates cause the DNA strand to twist.The nitrogenous bases point inward on the ladder and form pairs with bases on the other side. This makes DNA look somewhat equal a spiraling staircase. DNA functions to store the complete genetic information required to specify the structure of all the proteins of each species of organism, to program in time and space the orderly biosynthesis (the process of converting simple nutrients like sugars, lipids, and amino acids into complex products like, proteins and vitamins) that make cell and tissue, and organs which determine the activities of an organism throughout its life cycle, and determine the distinctiveness of the given organism.DNA also has another function. It is meant to be replicated so copies can be passed down from cell to cell and generation to generation. The National Human Genome Research Institute describes the impartation occurs In familiar reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the mannish parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all of their mitochondrial DNA from the mother. This occurs because only egg cells, and not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization.To complete these instructions, DNA sequences are transcribed into messages made of RNA and ultimately translated into sequences of amino acids to produce proteins. DNA genetic information is composed of specific long sequences of A, T, G, and C. The process begins with the sequences being transferred to a single strand RNA molecule. RNA is only jolly different from DNA. The important difference between them is that one of the pyrimidine bases are not the same. Thymine is a principal pyrimidine in DNA, while uracil is a principal pyrimidine in RNA.The new RNA (mRNA) molecule is a courier containing transcribed code from the DNA molecule. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. check to The National Human Genome Research Institute, in the cytoplasm the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the wrangle of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This language tells the cells protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein.This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a wide variety of proteins. Proteins do most of the clobber in our bodies they move molecules in our bodies, they help us move by making our muscles, they help create our immune system that helps protect from any infections in our body or illnesses, and much more. DNA is one of the greatest discoveries my man. It was not discovered by a single human being but several. DNA is what makes a female human to give stimulate to a baby girl not to a baby giraffe or cub.DNA is passed down from generation to generation by sexual reproduction. Half of the fathers genes and half of the mothers go to their son or daughter. Your DNA is not the same as your cronys because sometimes you get more from your moms side or more from your dads side, it all depends. It is extraordinary how we are made from a string of DNA molecules that construct our body and make us who we are. DNA is now at a point where we use it for many reasons, not just for research. DNA forensics is one of the most virtual(a) ways of using DNA.Forensics is the application of many sciences to discover aspects about a annoyance. A government website describing DNA forensics, lists many examples of DNA uses for Forensic Identification. They allow identification of potential suspects whose DNA whitethorn match evidence go forth at crime scenes exoneration of persons wrongly accused of crimes identification of crime and catastrophe victims establishment of paternity and other family relationships identification of endangered and saved species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers) detection of acteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food Matching organ donors with recipients in transplant programs determination of pedigree for seed or livestock breeds and authentication of consumables such as caviar and wine. It is great that DNA has been incorporated into forensics. Hopefully, in the near future, DNA technologies will be incorporated in a variety of other applications.

How does Islamic architecture reflect Muslim beliefs? Essay

ane of the most overlooked topics about the Muslim holiness is its architecture a great deal times, Islam is always associated with the Koran, the Ramadan and such and most people ar oblivious to the fact that these people also have been able to impact the world of architecture. Their social systems are patterned such that the buildings and structures they create represent their religious beliefs. unmatchable musical mode in architecture that reflects the belief of the Moslem people is their architectural decoration. The Islam religion dislike figurative representation in turn, their architectural designs consists primarily of penmanship and abstract ornaments and are often times coupled by colourful designs. (Farlex Encyclopedia) These calligraphic designs are often times based on the Koran.One other important thing in the Islam architecture is the design of their mosques. Basically, the Islamic mosque is a simple structure designed as a self-coloured structure with colon nades placed along the qibla wall. The design and function of this structure is tell to allow the Muslims to be able to stand shoulder to shoulder in rows facing the Kaba when they pray. This style of architecture also creates a reek of space evoking spirituality of the environment, a feeling of peace, and the feeling of harmony and humility evoked in the individual during times of worship. (Hilal Plaza)These simple and oftentimes overlooked style of the Muslims in their architectural designs in reality hold more meaning than the contemporary architectures of our time, their style stresses the importance of the meaning of a structure over its aesthetic value.

Just Do It Essay

Sharad Haksars middling Do It is part of his very moving series of pictures he calls blade Irony. This series portrays ironic juxtapositions of world-renowned brands combined with stakesing visuals. In this specific picture, Haskar shows Nikes famous Swoosh accompanied by its only when Do It aphorism on a wall acting as an advertisement someplace in India. On the wall next to the ad, a young son is urinating as a little dog looks on. At first a savour of excitement comes over the viewer because of Nikes gravid media heading and its ties to athleticism.The boy urinating next to the slogan seems to then invoke a feeling of humor. These emotions soon give way, however, to a much deeper and serious analysis. Soon function and wittiness turn into anger and sadness as the details of the learn slowly come forward. Born in India, Sharad Haksar was probably accustomed to eyesight this kind of situation day in and day out. For this reason, Haksar was surely aslope in the way tha t he definitely had some kind of nauseate with companies like Nike. He is move to appeal to the same audience Nike would be trying to attract in their advertisements.This would be, for the most part, young and active concourse anywhere from the ages 15-40. More than that, he is also trying to appeal to anyone who has an interest in photography, ad, and the worldwide problem of worker exploitation. He finished up his collection of photos entitled Brand Irony in 2006. These photos were meant to show big-market companies advertising in ironic situations and/or places. In this specific photo, his frustration with large corporations exploiting their workers seems to be the focal point.Nike is a world power when it comes to brand imagery, and their except Do It slogan is as recognizable as any. By feature the first glance humor of a boy urinating on a wall, with the more profound message hidden deeper inside the photo, Haksar creates a shiny image that begs to be understood. Many h uman beings see Nike as a model company, one that is al ways progressing its craft, and constantly trying to better its products. Haksar realizes this, and he wants to shed some light on the other side of the business.He wants to show how huge commercial businesses like Nike affect the countries and communities in which they carry their trades. Nike has been at the forefront of sweatshop controversy in India, and the dirty and grimy compass of the image appeals to this controversy. The bonnie Do It slogan, rather than being the upbeat, creative act upon it usually is, is now portrayed in a much darker light. In Indonesia totally, 30% of circumstanceory workers were reported as being verbally abused, with other 2. 5% experiencing unwanted fondling (Dukcevich).In Honduras, two Nike subcontractors closed fell their plants, pushing 1,800 natives out of work. It didnt stop there, though. In complete slue for Hondurian law, they refused to pay the $2 million in severance that was rightfully owed. Nikes factory to factory competitiveness creates an ultra-competitive environment that drives down wages and gives factory owners virtually no choice nevertheless to disrespect workers basic rights (Green admit). The motto Just Do It is supposed to cast anger over the viewer, as it is clear that this is not an option to these people life will never grant them the chance to and do it.Haksar is trying to bring thought to the poverty-laden countries that big companies exploit to inexpensively run their large factories. He is trying to show that these disadvantaged humans slave over products that they cannot and probably never will be able to have. This underprivileged boy and the rest of this familiarity atomic number 18 living a life that doesnt allow them to Just Do It, the opportunities just arnt there. They lead a life of assay to survive on insufficient paying jobs, some even as factory line workers in one of Nikes 1000 factories worldwide.It is not unus ual for these workers, most of the time women and children ages 10-24, to work 13-hour shifts and come home with a meager $1. 60. This fact becomes staggering when one takes into account that the average stripped-down living wage in most of the third world countries that house Nike factories is somewhere just about $3. 00 to $5. 00 a day (Braddock). Exploited workers in these factories postulate no chance of living any kind of lifestyle Nike promotes, but rather become the impoverished human beings that are the face of third-world countries around the globe. The boy in the picture that at first seemed so queer is in fact without hoes or a shirt.He is clearly barren and the littered ground he stands on emphasizes this. A sense of condole with is immediately taken up for the boy, as he cannot even afford to put a pair of shoes on his feet, let alone the ones Nike advertises. Then the focus shifts to the dog. The dog that at first seemed cute and proportionate prancing next to t he boy, now seems ragged and undersized. As the powerful, commenting images slowly unfold from Haskars photo, the picture transforms from just an advertisement to a much more minute view of Nikes world-power franchise.He is trying to invoke a sense of guilt and remorse in his audience for their participation in get Nikes products. Moreover, a sense of anger is supposed to be instilled in the viewer, caused by Nikes insistence on advertising in countries where just a miniscule part of the population has the means to buy their products. In this sense, Haksar is appealing to his audience to recognize where and how Nikes products are being made. The mental hospital in brand imagery Nike has brought to the commercial world is unparalleled.The Swoosh and the Just Do It slogan are reminders that Nike sits in the top of its class when it comes to advertising. Sharad Haksars stunning Nike image in his Brand Irony series is a comment on this advertising and also an insight into how the pro ducts they market are produced. The image comes off, at first, just to be a humorous painting of a boy urinating on a wall, but in fact is trying to shed light on the cruel and inhumane ways workers are exploited by companies like Nike. What the general public sees is Nikes innovation and their leadership in their industry. What they dont see are images like this.

Foreign Born American Writers Essay

American literature has changed and evolved from the early colonial days to explain characteristics that are unique and which identify it from former(a) literary works. Several writers occupy contributed to the development of American literature. Some of these writers immigrated into the United States and their works were accepted into the American literary canon. Some of the notable foreign born American writers overwhelm Vladimir Nabokov, Isaac Bashevis Singer, and CzesAaw MiAosz (Czeslaw Milosz).Vladimir Nabokov was born in Russia in 1899 and moved to the United States in 1940 unitedly with his family. Nabokov produced both fiction and non-fiction works including novels, bypass stories, drama, poetry, and some translations. Among his works is his thirteenth novel titled Pnin published in 1957 and built around the heart of a Russian prof who moves into the US as a refugee and the challenges that the professor encounters in a new world (Boyd 271-287).Isaac Singer was a Jewish American author born in Poland and was the 1978 Nobel Prize winner in literature. Among his many collections is Gimpel the Fool and other Stories published in 1960. It has twelve short stories with a mix of contemporary and folk legend aspects and heavily found on Jewish life in Poland (Kirkus). Born in 1911 Poland, Czeslaw Milosz became an American citizen in 1970. Milosz is known for his poetry, essays, prose, and translations.He was the Nobel Prize winner in 1980 for his literary works. His A Magic Mountain poem reflects his personal experiences of living in Berkeley, CA (Kirkus). The three writers have received various recognitions for their contribution to the American literature. Each of the writers has written about his life experiences in the US depict the differences and the challenges of adapting to a new world. References Boyd, Brian. Vladimir Nabokov The American Years.Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. 1991. Kirkus Rev. of Bells in Winter by Czeslaw Milosz. New York, NY Ecco Press (1978). 2010. 5 May 2010. http//books. google. co. ke/books? id=THVhAAAAMAAJ& etymon=gbs_book_other_versions Kirkus Rev. of Gimpel the Fool and other Stories by Isaac Singer. New York, NY Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux. (1960). 2010. 5 May 2010. http//books. google. co. ke/books? id=yZJnPwAACAAJ&dq=isaac+bashevis+singer+gimpel+the+fool&source=gbs_book_other_versions

Moral Attitueds Toward the Thousand and One Night

The entire basis for The Thousand and integrity Knights is Shahrayar has become exhausted by the infidelity of his wife and that of his brothers. Scheherazades purpose for the tarradiddles is to introduce the king that non all women are bad and that men pile be evil sometimes too. There are many women in the tales who act virtuously (the she-demon in the second merchants tale, the farmers daughter in the leash merchants tale, etc. ). Of course, the societal perception of women is very(prenominal) contrary from today. In the tale of the farmer who understands animals, he eventually beats the wife black and blue, she learns obedience, and everyone was happy. maculation this aspect of society is shown, the morality of women is not attacked or praised it is shown as organism variable, just like any persons.I have not notice any overt racial discrimination in the tales. Of course, people from different lands or regions are portrayed as strange or rank(a) evil, notwithstanding there isnt any racism the way we would consider it. The Blackamoors are simply the Arabian people from the area farther west than the place for the tales (the name for the Moors- an Arab/Berber people comes from this). The tales of the ox and the donkey The vizier fears that his daughter will nevertheless suffer.True to his character and to his role, he does not say so directly, but instead tells her a story of a donkey who, proud of his intelligence, schemes to jocularity the master of the farm into excusing the sweet, simple ox from labor. The scheme works, but not as the donkey expected. The wealthy farmer orders the donkey driven into the correction to work in the oxs place. In using a story to caution Shahrazad, the vizier engages in narrative imagining, a form of meaning before acting. In trying to change her mind through and through story, he unwittingly endorses the very strategy he asks her to rejectto try to change the kings mind through stories.Narrative imaginingst oryis the fundamental instrument of thought. Rational capacities depend upon it. It is our principal(prenominal) means of looking into the future, of predicting, of planning, and of explaining. It is a literary capacity indispensable to kind cognition generally. This is the first way in which the mind is essentially literary. The vizier asks Shahrazad to think before acting by imagining a story and then evaluating it. He traces the consequence of her action forward to disaster, implying that Shahrazad should abandon her plan. In doing so, he puts to home(prenominal) use a fundamental cognitive activity story.

Filipino People and Exposition Grounds Rizal Essay

Paris in the spring of 1889 was bursting with gaiety(joy) and excite custodyt because of the common exhibition. Thousands of visitors from all(a) corner of the world crowded every hotel, inn, and boarding family line . every -where in the metropolis the hotel rate in London , was caught in the whirl of gay Parisian demeanor . despite the social parties and the disclosem fire up of the city , he continued his fruitful operativeic , literary , and patriotic labor(makabayang pag gawa), he create his an nonated(comment) version of Morgams success founded iii Filipino societies, the kidlat club, the indios bravos , and the R.D. L. M. AND wrote por telefono , satire against fr. salvador font. Difficulty of finding quarters. on march 1889 , it was highly difficult For a visitor to find bread and butter quarters in Paris the approaching(papalapit) ecumenic exposition of 1889 which was scheduled to open on whitethorn 16 ,1889 so the all hotel accommodations were taken . to the e xpectant disgust(pagkainis) of Rizal ,the cost of bear spiralled high because the french land lords, taking advantage of great necessary for living quarters, raised the rent of their rooms. For a short time, Rizal lived in the put up of his friends valentine ventura, at No.45 rue maubeuge, where he polished his an nonated edition of morgas declare. He transferred his residence several time moving in the hotel to an an other(a)(prenominal) from one boarding kinsperson to another. Finally, he lived in a little room, together with two other Filipinos Capitan Justo Trinidad former gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana, Manila, and a refugee(takas) from Spanish tyranny, and Jose Albert, a young student from Manila. Life in Paris. Although aliveness in Paris was gay(joyful), with sparkling merriment and joyous social parties, Rizal continued to be busy in his serious pursuits(pagtugis/trabaho).However were too precious for him to waste. He spent them frugally(matipid) and fruitfully. He u sed most(prenominal) of his time in the interpret room of the Bibliotheque Nationale (National Library) checking up his diachronic annotations on Morgans book, in his living quarters writing earns to his family and friends, in the gymnasium for his daily physiologic exercises, and visiting his friends. In his spare minutes(ekstrang oras), Rizal used to dine at the homes of his friends, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas, the Bousteads the Lunas, etc.He was a good friend of the iii Pardo de Taveras Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, physician by vocation and philologist by avocation and an artist and sculptor by avocation, and Paz de Tavera, wife of Juan Luna. These Pardo de Taveras were the children of Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, an exile(pagpapatapos) of 1872 who escaped from the female horsenas and lived in France. On June 24, 1889, a baby girl was born to Juan Luna and Paz Pardo e Tavera. She was their back child, the number one was a boy named Andres, whose pet name was Luling.Her baptismal godfather (ninong) was Rizal, who choose her named Maria de la Paz, Blanca, Laureana, Hermenegilda Juana Luna y Pardo de Tavera. In his letter to his family in Calamba, Rizal gave an interesting write up of his life in Paris. wiz of these letters (dated May 16, 1889) related. My daily life in Paris in spent in the following air one or two hours in the gymnasium and I fencing, tercet or four hours in the library, the rest I use up in writing and visiting friends. . . Every other night from 800 to 1100 we meet in a cafe where we play chess.On Satur age I am invited to eat at Lunas indicate, on Sundays at Mrs. Julianas and on Friday, I visit the family of Boustead (also a Filipino ) where sometimes I take tea. In another litter to his family, indite on September 21, 1889. He said, We filipino gather four times a week and we sing the kundiman. We eat sotanghon, adobo, etc. , on Wednesday in the house of Dona Tula, on Thurs day in the house of hidalgo, on friday in the house of madam Boustead, on saturday in the house of luna, on Sunday in the house of Dona Juliana. Rizal and Paris exposition of 1889. Like any ordinary Filipino tourist in a international land Rizal was fascinated(nabighani) by the habitual Exposition of Parish which opened on May 6, 1889. The greatest attr accomplish of this exposition was the Eiffel Tower, 984 feet high, which was built by Alexander Eiffel, celebrated french engineer. Rizal and his friends attended the possibility ceremonies and saw the cutting of the ribbon by President Sadi Carnotof the Third French Republic. Paris was jammed with thousands of tourist coming from all separate of the world. daily the Exposition drew a vast crowd of 200, 000 persons or more. One of the features of the Exposition was the international art competition, in which Felix R. Hidalgo, Juan Luna, Felix Pardo de Tavera, and Rizal go ind. Hidalgos painting was a contendded blink of an eye p rize, the paintings of Juan Luna and F. Pardo de Tavera each obtained the third prize. While Rizals entry (a bust which he modelled got no prize. This bust was quite good to qualify for the exhibition, but not good enough to win an international prize. Kidlat Club.On abut 19, 1889, the alike day when he arrived in Paris from London, Rizal organized his paisanos (compatriots) into a social club called Kidlat Club. Among the members were Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas. The Kidlat Club was purely a social society of a fugacious nature. It was founded by Rizal simply to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they sojourn in the city during the duration of the planetary Exposition. Thus he told Blumentritt in a letter dated March 19, 1889 Today we pretend formed a Kidlat Club.Kidlat in tagalog means lightning and for the similar reason this Club allow for last only during the exposition. We go archetype of it and formed it in hour. It will disappear also like lightning. Indios Bravos In their sightseeing tour of the exposition grounds Rizal and the members of the kidlat Club were amazed to see the Buffalo bull show which featured the Ameri organise word Idians . These red-skinned Indians were proudly go their sturdy(matipuno) ponies elegantly dressed in their native attire and wearing their war feathers and paints.Rizal was enchanted by the dignified(marangal) and proud bearing of the American Indians . He told his friends wherefore should we resend(magdamdam) being called Indios by the Spaniards? Look at those Indios from American They are not ashamed of their name. Let us be like them . Let us be proud of the name Indio and make our Spanish enemies revise their designing of the term. We shall be Indios Bravos. Thus(kaya/ganoon) was born a new society of Filipino patriots in Paris the Idios Bravos (Brave Indians). It replaced the ephemeral(panandalian) Kidlat Club.Its members pledged to excel Intellectual and physical prowess(kagitingan) in browse to win the admiration of the foreigners, particularly the Spaniards. They practised with great enthusiasm(sigasig) the use of the mark and pistol . Rizal taught(itinuro) them judo, an Asian art of defence that he learned in Japan. R. D. L. M. society . Another society founded by Rizal in Paris during the universal Exposition of 1889 was the mysterious sociedad R. D. l. M. (R. D. L. M. Society) Many biographers of Rizal do not mention In fact , its existence and role in the crusade for reforms are truly enigmatic(misteryoso) .Of the numerous letters written by Rizal and his follow propagandist s , only two mentioned this secret society as follows9(1) Rizal s garner to Jose MariaBasa, Paris September 21,1889 and (2)Rizals Letter to Marcelo H. del pilar ,Paris ,November 4 1889 jibe to Dr. Leoncio Lopez Rizal , grandnephew of the hero , the society has a sysmb ol or counter sign represented by a circle divided into three parts by two semi-circle having in the center the interlocked Letters I and B meaning Indios Bravos , and the letters R. D. L. M.placed outside an upper , lower , left and expert sides of the circle.The letters R. D. L. M. are believed to be the initials of the society name Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malayas ). So ofttimes mystsery surrounded the R. D. L. M. because Rizal rigidly guarded its secret exitence . Evidently , it was patterned aft(prenominal) Freemansory . It had various degrees of membership , with the members not knowing each other . lone(prenominal) a few of Rizal s trusted friends became memebers of the R. D. L. M. , namely ,Gregorio Aguilera ,jose ma. Basa, Julio Llorente , Marcelo H del Pilar , Mariano ponce, Baldormore.Roxas ,and Father Jose Maria Changco (Filipino priest). The aim of the secret society, as stated by Rizal was the propagation of all useful knowledge scientific , ar tistic , literary etc.. in the Philippine . Evidently , thither was another aim that is, the redemption(pagliligtas) of the Malaya race. It must be noted that Rizal was inspired by a famous criminal record entitled Max Havelaar (1860) wriiten by Multatuli (pseudonym of E. D Dekker ,dutch author) . This Book exposed the low-spirited conditions of the oppressed Malay inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indies under Dutch design .A discerning(marung-pagkakaiba) study of the available Rizaliana documents and Rizals actuation show that the R. D. L. M. had something to do with the malay race . As Dr. Leoncio Lopez Rizal cogently (kapanipaniwala) stated , Rizals closure project in Borneo was not merely to shake off a place where Filipinos could live and live on with more liberty as swell as supernumerary themselves from the tyrannic conditions in the Philippine but for something else more important, which is to have freedom of action to attain the aims of the R.D. L. M. which me ans the Redemption of the malay race. Rizal writing blumentritt from Hong Kong on February 23 1892 , revealed his intention to be a leader of freedom , if not in the Philippines , then in other lands In Borneohe told (caudillo) of the planters who are cerebration of emigrating there with me . I feel flattered by the idea that I can still advert my province with my pen .You Know very well that always , at all times, I am ready to serve my homeland only my pen but also with my life whenever my fatherland would demand this sacrifice , But as I see that I am getting old , My ideals and dreams are fading if it is unimaginable for meto make it freedom to my country , at least I should like to leaping it to these noble compatriots in other lands.Moreover, the contract for his bornean colonization included such provision as the right of the colonists to by the lands, the free use of the seashores, and the peculiar huge term of lease for 999 years, a period of time long enough fo r many generation to form a nation and to consolidate its status and to realize Rizals dream of redeeming the Malay race. Annotated translation of Moraga Published. Rizal s outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890 of his annotated edition of morgas.Sucesos , which he wrote in the British Museum . It was printed by Garnier Freres. The Prologue was written by Professor Blumentritt, upon the request of Rizal. In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship. However , he frankly consured Rizal for two thing which revealed Rizal errors, namely (1) Rizal of the one-time(prenominal) in the light of present standard and(2) Rizals attack on the church were unfair should to be cons uncoiledd means that Catholicism is bad.Thus Blumentritt said. The high melodic theme of your notes (Rizals annotations Z. ) does not prevent me from confessing that more than once, I observed you that participate in the error of many modern historians, who tag of centuring past, in the light of concepts that corresponding to contemporary Ideas. This should not to be . The historians should not impute to the men of the 16th century the wide horizon of ideas that move the 19th century.The second point with which I am not in agreement has to do some to your fulmination against Catholicism I believe that not in religion but in the cruel method and the abuses of many priests should we determine for the origin of many events lamentable for religion, for Spain, and for the good name of the European race. hitherto the two blemishes of Rizals work, it is a splendid piece of historiography.Rizal annotated and published Morgas Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the earliest Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgement, and unmarred by childish fantasies. Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know of their gloriou s past. His dedication is as follows TO THE FILIPINOS.In the Noli Me Tangere started to sketch the present state of our Fatherland the effect which my attempt produced made me realize, in the first place proceeding to develop forwards your eyes other pictures to follow, the necessity of low gear giving an understanding of the past in order the better to judge the present and measure the path traversed during the three centuries.Born and reared in ignorance of our past like almost all of you without voice nor authority to speak of what we have not seen nor studied I deemed it necessary to invoke the testimony of an famous Spaniard who controlled the destinies of the Philippines at the beginning of its new era and personally witnessed the last days of our ancient nationality. It is, therefore, the shadow of our ancestors civilization which the author now shall call before you.I transmit to you faithfully his words without changing them nor mutilating them, adapting, only in so f ar as possible, to modern orthography and introducing greater pellucidity in the rather defective punctuations of the original, to facilitate its reading. The office, the nationality, and the virtues of Morga, together with the date and testimonies of his contemporaries, Spaniards for the most part, commend the work to your serious consideration.If the book succeeds in awakening in you, the consciousness of our past blotted from memory, and in rectifying what has been falsified and calumniated then I shall not have laboured in vain, and with this basis, slight thought it be, we can all pass ourselves to the study of the future. In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of Spain. They had clothes, presidency, laws. , writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences and commerce with neighbouring Asian nations.Rizal thus blasted the historicalheresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and wa s of low mentality. Comment on Morgas Publication Date. The title summon of Rizals annotatedediton of Morga reads Paris, Libreria de Garnier Hermanos, 1890. From this printed date, all biographers of Rizal came to assert that his edition of Morga was published in 1890. However, there is documentary evidence to show that Rizals from Leitmeritz, saying I have just receive your magnificent edition of Morga.This edition with your notes will exalt your name. Rizal himself, in his letter to Dr. Baldomero Roxas from Paris, December 28, 1899, stated Today I sent to Lipa four copies of Morga. Later I will send some more. From Barcelona, Mariano fancy man wrote to Rizal on December 31, 1889, saying I received the bookSucesos. Many thanks. I have read only Blumentritts prolongue. Truly excellent. Please send me immediately about ten copies thah I can send to the Philippines by the first mail that is going there. The three letters cited above from Blumentritt, B. Roxas, and M. Ponce are incontrovertible proofs that Morgas Sucesosby Rizal actually came off the press in 1889. Otherwise, how could these three friends of Rizal read the book before 1890? Rizal as Historian. Rizals look into studies in the British Museum (London) and in the Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris) enriched his historical knowledge. His splendid annotations to Morgas book showed his familiarity with the basic priciples of historiography.As he once told rigorously imparted. . . I never assert anything on my own authority. I cite texts and when I do, I have them before me. His knowledge of foreign languages enabled Rizal to read historical documents and books in the languages in which they were originally written. For instance, he read Pigafettas famous premier(prenominal) Voyage Around the World in Italian the historical whole caboodle of Marsden, Raffles, Lord Stanley, and Wallance in English the writings of Blumintritt, Jagor, and Virchow in German the books of M.Jacquet, J. Mallat, and A. Ma rche in French and the whole works of T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Pedro A. Paterno, Miguel Morayta, and Pi y Margall in Spanish. By his lengthy reading of archival sources and books in foreign countries, he acquired wide not only of Philippine history, but also the history of European colonization in Asia. Aside from his excellent annotations on Morgas book, Rizal wrote other works which qualify him to be a real historian.Among them were the two historical commentaries written in London, Ma-yi(December 6, 1888) and Tawalisiof Ibn Batuta (January 7, 1889) Filipinas dentro de Cien Anos (The Philippines Within a Century), published in La Solidaridad in four issues on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 February 15, 1890 Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (The Indolence of the Filipinos), published in La Solidaridad in five successive issues on July 15, July 31, luxurious 1, August 31, and September 1, 1880 La Politica Colonial on Filipinas (Colonial Policy in the Philippines), no date Manila en el mes de Diciembre, 1872 (Manila in the month of December, 1872), no dateHistoria de la Familia Rizal de Calamba (History of the Rizal family of Calamba) no date and Los Pueblos del Archipielago Indico (The Peoples of the Indian Archipelago), no date. The Philippines within a Century. In this article Rizal expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in the beginning of his article the glorious past of the Filipino people, then described their economic stagnation and unhappiness under the vinegarish and bungling Spanish rule. Toward the last paragraphs of the articl, he peered into the future and warned Spain of what would happen to her compound empire in Asia if she would not adopt a more liberal and enlighted policy toward the Philippines.Significant passages in this historical essay are as follows To recapitule the Philippines wil remain Spanish if they enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their inhabitants are respected, if the o ther rights of out-of-pocket them are granted, if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without lie or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretatios. Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the islands a lode to be exploited , a resource to pay emulation shutting its ears to all cries of reason , then however great may be the loyalty of the filipino , it will be impossible to operation of the laws of history .Colonies established to subserve the policy and commerce of the sovereign country , all eventually give way independent If the Philippines secure their independency after heroic and stubborn conflict , they can rest informed that neither England nor Germany , nor france , and still lees Holland will dare to take up what spian has been unable to told . Perhaps the great American Republic. Whose interests lie in the Pacific and who knock over in the spoliation Africa may some day dream of foreign possession . This is not impossible , for the ex ample is contagious , covetousness and ambition are among the strongest vices. Very likely, the Philippine s will defend with inexpressible valor the liberty secured at the price of so much melodic line and sacrifice.With the new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide road of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their fatherland.. Then the mines will be made to give up their gold for relieving distress, iron for weapon ,copper ,lead and b pretermiten . Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile life for which the islanders are fitted by their nature , ability ,and instincts, and one more to free ,bird that leaves its cage , like the flower that unfolds to the air , will recover the primordial virtues that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted to peace-cheerful, happy, joyous ,hospitable and daring. The Indolence of the Filipinos.This other essay of Rizal is also a prestigious work of historical scholarship . It is an able defence of the assert indolence of the Filipinos In the spirit of a real scholar, Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work concentrated during the Spanish regime . His main thesis was that the Filipino are not by nature indolent. Long before the coming of the Spaniards he pointed the Filipinos were lively and hard-working They were very active in agriculture , industries , and commerce The Spaniard conquest of the country brought about a decline in economic activities because the Filipinos had abandoned their pre Spanish industries and worked less than their ancestors .Such decline in economic life was due to certain causes (1)the native revolts and other internal disorders which followed thre establishment of Spanish rule ,(2) the wars which the Filipinos fought for Spain against the dutch Portuguese ,English , and other enemies (3) the frightful raids on the coas tal towns and crossroads of Christians Philippines by the Muslim pirates of Mindanao and Sulu (4) the forced labour which compelled thousands of Filipinos labourers to work in shipyards ,roads ,bridges, and other public works resulting in the abandonment of industry ,commerce ,and agriculture (5) lack of stimulus to work harder because the people could not enjoy the fruits of their labor (6) government neglect and indifference to agriculture ,industry ,commerce (7)The bad example shown by the Spaniards in despising manual labor (8)the teaching of Spanish missionaries that it is easier for a measly man to enter heaven than for a rich man , consequently the Filipinos prefer not to work and be poor so that they could intimately enter heaven after they die (9) encouragement and propagation of manoeuvre by the Spanish authorities and (10) system of Spanish as Rizal asseverate , the education did not promote economics enterprise and activity , for , as Rizal asserted , the educatio n of the native was from his birth until he sinks into his grave is brutalizing , depressive and anti-human and deprives him of his dignity. It is true , admitted Rizal , that the Filipinos are easy going and do not work so hard because they are enough to adjust themselves to their warm , tropical climates .they do not have themselves working hard in order to live because nature gives them abundant harvests by working less than those in equable and arid countries . The Fact, explained Rizal. is that in tropical countries violent work is not a good thing ,as it is death , destruction , annihilation . temper knows this and like a just mother has therefore made the worldly concern more fertile ,and more productive ,as a compensation . An hours work under that burning sun, in the midst of venomous influences springing from nature in activity , is equal to a day s labor in a temperature climates it is then , just that the earth yields a hundredfold . International linkups of Filipi nologists.Taking advantages of world attention which attention was than rivet at the Universal Exposition of Paris proposed to establish an International Association of filipinologists and have its inaugural convention in the French capital . He first submitted this ideas to blumentritt in a letter dated January 14 1889. And the letter international association.According to his prospectus, the aim of the association is to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical points of view the officers were a follows President Dr . Ferdinand Bluementritt (Austrian) Vice President Mr . Edmund Plauchut (French) Counsellor .. Dr . Reinhold Rost (Anglo-German) monument . Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino).